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Urban Migrants, High Informal Employment, Sanitation and Domestic Workers …

- - - - to pay severance wages
      - other benefits
      - if workers are hired
      - over 248 days
    - - Issues with Industrial Disputes Act
      - have consequence
        
        make attractive for management
        
        as a result
        
        only minority
        
        stays employed for long
    - - high levels of informal employment
      - have negative impact
        
        not just on workers
        
        but also on country
    - - construction of dry latrines
        
        has drastically reduced
      - no of deaths
        
        in manholes
        
        sewers and septic tanks
        
        continues to remain high
  - - - 87% of the workers
      - told not to come after lockdown
      - not sure when they
        
        would be called to work
- - - - rush to their rural homes
      - dread of dying on alien soil
    - - not providing
        
        learning
        
        and training opportunities
      - and invests
        
        little on their workers
        
        hindering
        
        their chances to upgrade
      - existing
        
        inequality in the country
      - sources of income
        
        for poor families
        
        whose children
        
        often droup out
        
        from education
        
        to help support their families
      - marginalised communities
        
        such as Dalits, Muslims, and Adivasis
        
        disproportionately affected by this.
    - - necessary and
      - sufficient condition
      - for healthy country
      - implies
        
        higher level of productivity
    - - denial of salaries and
      - loss of employment
      - faced by DW
      - harassed by employers
      - RWAs
        
        Resident Welfare Associations
        
        following
        
        nationwide lockdown
        
        brought into focus
        
        need for safeguarding their rights
    - - Minimum cash transfer
      - universal registration
        
        of employers and workers
      - urban employment
        
        guarantee scheme
      - strengthening
        
        local committees
        
        where workers
        
        can complain
        
        about sexual harassment at workplace
      - Inclusion of domestic workers
        
        under social security code and
        
        comprehensive legislation for them
    - - hardly any exclusive
      - trade unions for sweepers
      - their problems
        
        voiced by NGOs
      - caste-ridden work
        
        urgent need
        
        to dissociate caste
        
        from labour
      - govt and current laws
        
        ignores the issue of labour rights
        
        and stigma attached to sanitation
      - No permanent job
        
        status for sanitation workers
      - More sanitation contracts
        
        given to private contractors or SHG
        
        such staff hardly
        
        have ID cards
        
        leave alone protection of
        
        medical insurance policies
      - Way Ahead
        
        Abolition of dehumanising practice
        
        manual removal
        
        human excreta and
        
        introduction of mechanisation
        
        for handling waste
  - - - Women accounted 55%
      - migrated to urban
      - Social Causes
        
        of arranged marriages
        
        brought most of them to city
        
        not a flimsy job prospect
        
        perspective
        
        urban life is secure
        
        and transition become more permanent
    - - severe to moderate
      - economic crises
      - as well as
        
        anxiety over job security
    - - unemployed spouses
  - - - 80% young Indian
      - lives with their parents
    - - depended on their parents
      - real estate property
      - and saving to give their start
      - Joint family
        
        growing albeit slowly in urban
        
        declining in villages
    - - 14 crore migrants
      - half of whom
        
        inter-sate workers
      - informal workers
        
        contribute to nearly 50% of GDP
        
        Inter-state migrant workers
        
        contribute to about 6% of GDP
- - - - automation and mechanisation
    - - sought to focus
      - on formal sector
        
        for skill development
    - - improve skills
      - of informal sector as well