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The Second World War - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Caused resentment in Germany, leaving the country in genuine crisis
      - Germany had no alternative but accept the terms
        
        Germany was blamed for the war
        
        Germany had to accept a small army
        
        Germany lost its colonies
        
        Rhineland was demilitarized
        
        Germany had to pay for war reparations
        
        Germany's union with France was forbidden
      - Germans felt vulnerable
        
        They had smaller armed force compared to their neighbors
        
        Germany faced a communist Russia on the point of a revolution
        
        The country was not strong economically
        
        Failure to pay reparations led to further humiliation
    - - Objective: to prevent conflicts escalating into war
      - Not effective, with little to no decisional power
      - Not able to control conflict between powers
      - Unable to prevent another major conflict as it had no army and no support from major powers
      - Failure to develop an effective international organization led to war
    - - Derives from Japans rise as a regional power in the 1800's
        
        Despite it's immense national pride, Japan had not enough raw materials (volcanic island)
      - Japan felt resentment toward Versailles Treaty, despite being on the winning side (Triple Entente), as it had not been awarded lands or a dominant position in China
      - Due to the Wall Street crash many Japanese industries failed
        
        Japanese nationalists believed Japan couldn't depend on Western countries and capitalism
        
        wanted to create a self sufficient empire
  - - - Crisis in America made US withdraw its loans to Germany
        
        German banks collapsed
        
        Unemployment rose
        
        Extremist groups offered drastic solutions
        
        Communist: a controlled economy
        
        Nazi: a national revival
        
        Hitler had blamed the Treaty of Versailles and those who had agreed to the armistice
        
        Germany needed to establish a strong army and find living space (lebensraum)
    - - He wonted to revise the Treaty of Versailles
        
        Rearmament of German forces
        
        Eradication of communism
        
        Gain limitless land
      - Britain and France couldn't accept a dominant Germany in Europe
    - - Little attempt to defend the Treaty of Versailles
      - Case against appeasement: In Hitler's eyes, appeasement showed Germany had little regard for the Treaty obligations.
        
        Evaluation: this encouraged Hitler to pursue policies that made war more likely
    - - Japan's reaction to world economic depression and its decision to expand in China
        
        Manchuria was rich in resources and would provide Japan with cheap labour
        
        Japan established Manchuria as a puppet state
        
        Japan rejected all foreign protests
        
        Left the League of Nations
      - In 1937 Japan invaded China on a large scale
  - - - Fighting communism
      - Dealing with the Jews
      - Regaining territory lost
      - Germans seems as superior race
      - More living space (lebensraum)
    - - High ideals in contrast with German militarism
        
        signed a declaration of common beliefs, the Atlantic Charter, which documented opposition to Nazism and Fascism
    - - Revival of the Shinto
      - Emperor seen as a divine presence
      - Nationalist belief that Japan had to reassert the purity of the divine homeland
  - - - Concerned about what might have happened if Germany realized its own ambitions
      - Germany could not become the dominant country of Europe: balance of powers
  - - - Both countries needed guaranteed markets and raw materials
      - Economic and territorial views combined led to expansionist territorials aims
    - - Germany: solution to inflation was to go to war to acquire new materials and loot other countries to pay for arms
      - Japan: conquest of Manchuria vital for acquisition of raw materials and for establishing the controlled closed economic system Japans was hoping for, the Co-Prosperity Zone
- - - - Rapid attacks
      - Successful, with many victories
      - Blitzkrieg: lightening war
        
        Small groups of storm troops and sudden application of force
        
        Made use of fast-moving tanks and motor vehicle
        
        Pushed as far and as fast as possible into enemy's territory
        
        Created a sense of chaos among the enemy
      - Blitzkrieg in Europe
        
        Poland
        
        September 1939: Russia and Germany invaded Poland
        
        Poland was forced to surrender, proving value of blitzkrieg
        
        German army was well-trained, with commanders setting broad objectives
        
        Polish forces were spread on a too vast area, 3000 km
        
        France and the Netherlands
        
        France had a fortification system, the Maginot Line, on which they heavily relied
        
        Weak cooperation and planning between France and Britain resulted in Germany attacking where they had no army
        
        German troops overran Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France in six weeks
        
        Germany broke-through thanks to it's planning and the tactical use of their air forces, tanks, artillery and infantry, as well as an ill-prepared weak response from their enemies
      - Blitzkrieg in Asia
        
        Europeans weren't prepared to resist Japan
        
        Japan sunk two British ships, which weren't at all prepared to be attacked - effective use of air power and rapid movement
        
        Japan's victories were made possible by distracted and poorly prepared European and American enemies
    - - Allied powers counteract
      - Axis power are on the defensive
    - - Civilian castraties have increased
      - Lots of technological innovation
      - Costly and intensive campaigns are designed to wear down opposition
  - - - Germany couldn't end Britain's participation in the war
      - At the Battle of Britain, German air force lost control of the war
      - Thanks to the rise of prime minister Churchill and his leadership, Britain didn't surrender, refusing to negotiate with Germany
    - - Britain depended not only of US credit, but on Northern American industries for its war supplies
        
        Germany didn't calculate this, as it though US isolationism would prevent America from sustaining Britain
      - By December 1940 America had already been modeling is economy towards war production
- - - - Short term
        
        Huge costs
        
        Germany spent 272 billion
        
        Russia lost 30% of national wealth
        
        USA spent 341 billion
        
        Destruction
        
        Due to the bombings, full cities were wiped out (Warsaw)
      - Long term
        
        After 1945, differently than in 1919, the USA were much more of a superpower engaged in matter of global interest
        
        They gave loans to the whole world, allowing a quick economic growth to come and raise the countries back up
        
        After 1948, European economies started to revive
        
        Increased gov. control
        
        In France new modernisation schemes were appointed, the Plan for the Reconstruction of key Industries, lead by the gov.
        
        West Germany and Italy increased state control
        
        Spending was generally increased
        
        World trade
        
        Nationalism was becoming more and more an avoidable issue, pushing for free trade
        
        Tariffs were lowered
        
        Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) and European Economic Community (EEC)
        
        Industrial progress
        
        War pushed for developments in the chemical and electrical sectors
        
        International operations
        
        United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
        
        22 million tones of supplied to Italy and Eastern Europe
        
        International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), 1944
        
        International Monetary Fund, 1944
        
        Marshall Plan, 12 billions to Western Europe
        
        Overall
        
        In 1952, productivity was double of what it was In 1938
        
        More than a recovery, but true economic growth
    - - Challenge to tradition and the decline of aristocracy
        
        In communist countries, classes were abolished
        
        In Germany and Britain meritocacry uprose as the main driver in society
        
        Italy removed its royals
      - Psychological issues
        
        The presence of foreigners and the lack of fathers in such a disastrous scenario created issues and modified morality
        
        Rapes and their consequences
        
        Killing of those who had personal relationships with the enemy
        
        Juvenile problems and crime
        
        Huge increase in cigarettes use
      - Women
        
        As 22 million women participated in the production of are material by 1945, they became an essential part of the war affect and industry
        
        Women fought in there army
        
        320000 women in the US Army
        
        Russian Army
        
        Chinese Army
        
        War shook the way in which society saw women, giving a start to more radical change
        
        1944, French women can vote
        
        As women could work and travel, they became financially independent and able to associate in feminist movements
        
        Women's movement
        
        Working women with families were economically supported after the war
      - Ideology
        
        Communism gained political support as an opposer to Nazism and Fasicm
        
        National Health Service and welfare state
      - Racism and minorities
        
        Jews extermination
        
        Pre-war pogroms
        
        From 1942, systematic killing
        
        Death marches
        
        6 million people were exterminated
        
        Antisemitic campaigns went on after the war, especially in Germany and Russia
        
        Oppositely, civil rights became more and ombre important, especially in the USA
        
        Fair Employment Act
        
        Executive order 9981, in 1948, banning segregation
  - - - As tensions between the USA and USSR increased, they prepared for a nuclear war which threatened the whole world between 1945 and 1989
        
        Cuban Missile Crisis, 1948
        
        Nuclear tensions developed to the whole world (Middle East, India and Pakistan)
    - - With the rise of Communism and the decline of colonialism as an Ideal, in the second half of the 19th century colonies became independent
        
        "Quit India" campaign and independence in 1947
        
        Gradual freeing of Africa and Asia
    - - OEEC , economic agreement in 1948
      - EEC, community created in 1958
      - Comecon, assistance in Eastern Europe, 1949
      - United Nations, 1945
      - NATO, defence organisation, 1949
      - Warsaw Pact, defence pact in Eastern Europe, 1955
  - - - By 1949, the German Federal republic (West) and the German People's Republic (East) were born, respectively under the influence of the Western countries and Russia
      - These changed were deeper and much more long-lasting than those applied after WW1
      - Was injected money and supplied by the West, higher dependence
    - - In the East, occupied Eastern Europe became the mother of several people's republics, one-party communist states dominated by Russia
      - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia remained Russian
      - Both East Prussia and Poland lost land to Russia
      - Virtual Soviet Empire in the East
        
        Romania
        
        Bulgaria
        
        Poland
        
        Hunfayr
        
        Czechoslovakia (from 1948)
      - Was paid was reparations by the occupied countries
    - - Lost its pre-war gains
      - Occupied by the USA
      - The emperor was declared to be human and not divine
      - Was injected money and supplied by the West, higher dependence
    - - Independent, but divided
    - - Regained Manchuria
      - The Chinese Civil War restarted