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Herbs for Nervous System Disorder, Depression - Coggle Diagram
Herbs for Nervous System Disorder
Type of Nervous System Disorder
Sleep Disorder (Insomnia)
Depression
Anxiety
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Pain
Headache
Memory loss
Valerian
Help to treat
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By increased the binding of GABA to the GABA-A receptor. It happen as the it bind to the beta subunit of GABA-A receptor [20].
This causes a greater movement of chloride into the neuron, thereby causing the neuron to be hyperpolarized [20].
This will depress their CNS and give sedative effect [20].
Description Of Valerian
It is is a perennial plant and Valeriana officinalis species [22].
It has pink flowers and grows in North America and Europe [22]
The medicinal part of the plant is the fresh underground roots that have a strong smell [22].
Active Phytochemicals
Valepotriates (valtrate, didrovaltrate, acevaltrate, and isovaleroxyhydroxyvaltrate) [9].
Sesquiterpenes of the volatile oil (valerenic acid and its other derivatives, valeranone, valeranal, and kessyl esters) [9].
Clinical safety and efficacy
Most of the study found that valerian does not support the clinical efficacy as a sleep aid for insomnia but declared valerian is a safe herb associated with rare adverse events
[18].
Legislation
In the United States, United Kingdom and other major countries of the world, valerian is sold as a dietary supplement, and dietary supplements are regulated as foods, not drugs. It does not required FDA approval [8].
Drug-herb Interaction
It may increase the risk of buprenorphine overdose, severe respiratory depression, coma, and death [21].
It increased risk of serious adverse reactions such as respiratory depression and hypotension if use together with sodium oxybate [21].
KAVA
Help to treat
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By blocking of voltage-gated sodium ion channels and enhancing GABA binding to beta subunit of (GABA) type A receptors [17].
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Description of KAVA
It is a beverage or extract that is made from Piper methysticum, a plant native to the western Pacific islands [10].
The name "KAVA" comes from the Polynesian word "awa," which means bitter [10].
KAVA is a popular social drink, similar to alcohol in Western societies in south pacific [10].
Active phytochemical
Kavalactones including the major component kawain, dihydrokawain and methysticum and the minor compounds yangonin, desmethoxyyangonin and dihydromethysticum.
Clinical safety and efficacy
Multiple cases of liver damage have been reported in Europe, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. KAVA has been removed from shelves in several countries due to these safety concerns. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued warnings to consumers and physicians [15].
WHO recommended acetone and ethanol extracts rather than water-based suspensions [14].
It is more efficacious than placebo in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety [14].
Legislation
There is no food additive regulation which authorizes the use of KAVA by FDA [11].
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is advising consumers of the potential risk of severe liver injury associated with the use of kava-containing dietary supplements [11].
Drug-Herb interaction
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Coadministration of mipomersen, pexidartinib and leflunomide with other agents known to induce hepatotoxicity may potentiate the risk of liver injury [12].
St. John's Wort
Help to treat
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By inhibition of the uptake of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) from the synaptic cleft of interconnecting neurons and the ability to bind to the major neuro-inhibitory receptor, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA-A and GABA-B) receptors, to block the binding of GABA [19].
Results in decreased central nervous system (CNS) depression [19].
Active Phytochemical
Naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, a broad range of flavonoids
Phloroglucinols hyperforin and adhyperforin
Description of Sr. John's wort
It is a plant with yellow flowers that has been used in traditional European medicine as far back as the ancient Greeks [25].
The name St. John’s wort apparently refers to John the Baptist, as the plant blooms around the time of the feast of St. John the Baptist in late June [25].
Clinical safety and efficacy
St John’s wort is an effective therapy for depression especially mild to moderate depression and has comparable efficacy to SSRI [24].
The rate of adverse events and withdrawals is significantly lower than that of traditional SSRI [24].
Several side effects such as upset stomach, dry mouth, headache, fatigue, dizziness, confusion, sexual dysfunction, or sensitivity to sunlight [24].
Legislation
It is considered as supplement and FDA did not test the safety and effectiveness
Drug-Herb Interaction
Coadministration with SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine,paroxetine, sertraline) will increase serotonergic effects with risk of increased incidence of adverse reactions [7].
It will cause reduction blood concentrations and possible loss of control of heart rhythm or heart failure if concomitantly with digoxin [7]
Willow Bark
Description of Willow Bark
Willow bark is the bark from several varieties of the willow tree, including white willow or European willow, black willow or pussy willow, crack willow, purple willow, and others [23]
Species that used for medicinal purpose are Salix alba L., S. purpurea L. and S. fragilis L.
Help to treat
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By inhibiting the cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin biosynthesis
Thus It produce anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic effect
Legislation
It is considered as supplement and FDA did not test the safety and effectiveness
Active phytochemical
Salicin, flavonoids (flavan-3-ols) and simple phenols (phenolic acids) [5].
Clinical safety and efficacy
The willow bark was well tolerated with no adverse
effects reported in the study of 78 patients with osteoarthritis [16].
In a study by Biegert et al. (2004), 127 patients with steoarthritis and 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were treated with 240 mg salicin and no side effect shown [16].
Vlachojannis et al. (2009) conducted a systematic review
of the effectiveness of willow bark extract on 415 subject with musculoskeletal pain and succeeded [16].
Drug-herb interaction
It should not be taken with anticoagulants like Coumadin (warfarin), antiplatelet drugs like Plavix (clopidogrel), or any drugs associated with bleeding (including NSAIDs) [2].
Taking with Trilisate (choline magnesium trisalicylate) and Disalcid (salsalate) can cause stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation [2].
Feverfew
Help to treat
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By inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, serotonin release, histamine release, and mast cell and blockage of platelet granule secretion [13].
Description of feverfew
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) belonging to the family Asteraceae (daisies) is a daisy-like perennial plant found commonly in gardens and along roadsides [13].
They resemble those of chamomile and have strong and bitter odor with yellow-green leaves [13].
Active phytochemical
Sesquiterpene lactones, the principal one being parthenolide [13].
Clinical safety and efficacy
Overall, 52 of 147 (35%) patients reported at least one adverse event after consume three dosages (2.08 mg; 6.25 mg; 18.75 mg) of new stable extract (MIG-99) reproducibly manufactured with supercritical CO2 from feverfew [13].
18% reported adverse effects, the most serious being mouth ulceration (11%) [13].
No studies of chronic toxicity have been performed and pregnant women should not use the plant because the leaves have been shown to possess potential emmenagogue activity [13].
Legislation
FDA classifies feverfew as supplement. However, Health Protection branch of Health and Welfare Canada considered feverfew as drug and it must have Drug Identification Number (DIN) and follow certain requirements [1].
Drug-herb interaction
Concomitant with blood-thinning medications may inhibit the activity of platelets (a substance that plays a role in blood clotting), so individuals taking blood-thinning medications (such as aspirin and warfarin) should consult a health care provider before taking this herb [13].
Ginkgo Biloba
Help to treat
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By increased in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent manner [3].
By inhibition platelet aggregation by increasing concentrations of endothelium-derived thrombolytics [3].
To induce the destruction of radical species such as OH-, O-, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical, and the adriamycyl radical [3].
Description of Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba is a large, deciduous tree that matures to 100' tall and is considered to be a living fossil.
It features distinctive two-lobed, somewhat leathery, fan-shaped, rich green leaves with diverging (almost parallel) veins.
Active phytochemical
Flavonoid ( Quercetin, Kaempferol Isorhamnetin Glycosides) and ginkgolides
Clinical study and efficacy
Taking a 240-mg daily dose of Ginkgo biloba extract is effective and safe in the treatment of dementia [6].
Many clinical studies and several meta-analyses have shown the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders [6].
Dropout rates due to side effects such as headache, pulmonary infection, and elevation of blood pressure were significantly lower in Ginkgo Biloba groups compared with placebo groups [6].
National Toxicology Program (NTP) looked at the long-term effects of ginkgo extract in mice and rats and found an increase in liver cancer in male and female mice, and in cancer of the thyroid gland in male and female rats and male mice [4].
Legislation
Ginkgo is marketed in the U.S. as a dietary supplement and regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Drug-Herb interaction
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Concomitant with warfarin and ibuprofen might slow down the effect of the blood clothing process
Passion flower
Description of Passion flower
Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) is found southeastern parts of the Americas and europe
It is a perennial climbing vine with herbaceous shoots and a sturdy woody stem that grows to a length of nearly 10 meters
Help to treat
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By increase the amount of GABA
Active phytochemical
2.5% flavonoids, especially vitexin, as well as coumarin, umbelliferone and 0.05% maltol.
Harmala-type indole alkaloids, including harman, harmine,
harmaline and harmalol
Legislation
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Drug-Herb interaction
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It might increase the effects of MAOIs
Hops
Description of Hops
Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus
Used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to which, in addition to bitterness,
Help to treat
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Active phytochemical
Humulone, lupulone and colupulone
Legislation
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Drug-Herb Interaction
With sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness. Some sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), phenobarbital (Donnatal), zolpidem (Ambien), and others.
Bacopa
Description of Bacopa
Bacopa monnieri is a non-aromatic herb. The leaves of this plant are succulent, and oblong
The flowers are small, actinomorphic and white, with four to five petals. It can even grow in slightly brackish conditions
Help to treat
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By increased cerebral blood flow, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, β-amyloid reduction, antioxidant neuroprotection, neurotransmitter modulation
Active phytochemicals
triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides
Gotu Kola
Description of Gotu Kola
Gotu kola or Centella Asiatica is a perennial plant native to India, Japan, China, Indonesia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and the South Pacific.
It has no taste or smell. It thrives in and around water. It has small fan-shaped green leaves with white or light purple-to-pink flowers
Active phytochemicals
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, including asiaticoside, brahmoside, asiuyatic acid, and brahmic acid (madecassic acid)
Help to treat
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Capsicum
Help to treat
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By a process best described as 'defunctionalization' of nociceptor fibres.
Active phytochemical
Capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids
Description of the plants
Capsicum is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its species are native to the Americas,
Caffeine- containing plant
Description of the plants
Coffee-dried ripe seed of Coffea arabica L. (family Rubiaceae)
Tea-leaves and leaf buds of Camellia sinensis L. (family Theaceae)
Kola(Cola)-dried cotyledons of Cola nitida Vent. And other Cola spp. (family
Sterculiaceae)
Help to treat
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Consumption of caffeine in conjunction with OTC analgesics such as aspirin or acetaminophen increases their activity by as much as 40%, depending on the specific type of pain involved.
Depression