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Topic 02 - Resource Management and Sustainable Production, Kinetic is…
Topic 02 - Resource Management and Sustainable Production
2.1 Resources and Reserves
Green Design
Takes into account the products
environmental impact
it has
minimal
or
zero
impact
not using
non-renewable resources
safeguarding
for
future
generations
Green Product Objectives
Efficient
Materials
Minimizing
initial/long-term
damage
Increasing
longevity
Safe
Disposal
Resourceful
Packaging
Types of Resources
Renewable
Sustainable
HydroPower, Solar
A natural resource that can
replenish with the passage
of time or does not
abate
at all
Non-Renewable
A natural resource that does not replenish at a
sustainable rate
; a source that will
run out
if the
rate of extraction is maintained
.
Not Sustainable
Nuclear, Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Renewability
This term refers to a resource that is
inexhaustible
therefore can be
replenished quick enough
Wood
Hard Wood is Non-Renewable because it takes so long
Soft Wood is renewable because it replenishes quickly
Economic & Political Importance
The unearthing of natural resources is linked to economic growth
Links to
Decoupling
(HL)
Private Oil and Gas Companies are encouraged to
research and refine by
the government as it improves
Energy Security
2.2 Waste and Mitigation Strategies
THE SIX R's
Re-Use
Being used with
another
function when it can no longer serve its
original purpose
Recycle
Disassembly
to
raw materials
that are
reprocessed
into another product.
Repair
Designing
open form factors
where users can
replace components
Recondition
Returning
broken products to the
manufacturer
in exchange for a
replacement
. Functions the
same
as a new one but costs
less
Re-Engineer
Redesign
to be more
efficient
. Green Revolution, Hybrid Cars, New Electronics are examples:
Refuse
Where consumers
awareness
is raised so they don't invest in unsustainable products which reduces
demand and supply
.
DeMaterialization
Reducing the amount of natural resources that are in circulation by upcycling materials into new products instead of landfills
The Discouragement of Unearthing New Natural Resources
Using virtual products, (e.g. QR codes for leaflets)
Product Recovery Strategies
Take-Back Legislation
Recycling
Circular Economy
Refusing certain materials in landfills
Circular Economy
A closed loop system where materials are in a constant loop.
Designing for another life could employ
Cradle to Cradle
Design For Dissassembly
Biomimicry (copying nature)
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
2.3 Energy Utilization, Storage and Distribution
Embodied
Energy
The total amount of energy needed to manufacture a product/service
National & International Grid System
A centralised system where energy is produced and sent to customers but individual generators can also feed into the grid.
Europe taps into the energy produced by
Noor in Morroco
, which is a solar farm.
CHP (Combined Heat & Power)
A process that releases
both heat and power
in the process
Companies use this to source
their own power on-site by burning waste
resources reducing their demand for energy from the grid.
This reduces overall cost for the manufacture
and the consumer
Systems for Individual Power Generations
An attempt to meet their own needs to be economically secure
Offer uses an alternate method of generation than the grid e.g. solar
This lowers the impact on the environment
Has a high initial capital costs
Quantification and Mitigation of Carbon Emissions
Quantification
Recording / Tracking Emissions
Carbon Footprint
Who/Where is it being produced
Mitigation
Trying to reduce human impact e.g. switching to renewable energy
Exploiting
Carbon Sinks
, like forests, oceans and peat.
Batteries, Capacitors and Capacities
Cell
Emits
1.5v
Batteries
Several
Cells joined together
to emit a larger voltage
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
High Cost
Lithium
Medium Cost
High Efficiency
NiCad
High Cost
High Environmental Impact
Lead Acid
Low Cost
High Environmental Impact
LiPo (lithium Polymer)
High Cost
Capacitor
An electronic component that
limits the flow of current
(think of the
bucket
idea)
Types of Energy
Gravity Potential
Elastic Potential
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Muscle
Fossil Fuel Pollution
Sulphur
Droplets of rain form around released sulphur particles forming
ACID RAIN
Carbon Dioxide
Traps outgoing, short wave radiation
Greenhouse Effect
Scare Mongering
Scaring off a resource for
political / economic motivation
(e.g. to shut down a company)
3.4 Clean Technology
Drivers for Clean Technology
Legislation (avoiding penalties)
Pressure from Media, Local Communities or Pressure Groups (like GreenPeace)
Reasons For Use
Minimizing
negative impacts on the environment
Reduce Pollution
Reduce Energy Use
Reduce use of natural resources
Recent
International
Environmental Legislation
Paris Agreement (2015)
Copenhagen Accord (2009)
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
Sustainable Development Goals (2015 for 2030)
Companies
do not want to clean up
because it
cuts into their profits
Incremental Solutions
Improvement
over time
Requires
long-term planning
Allows for
budget control
Advantages
Doesn't
slow down production
Uses
known, trusted technologies
Allows
response
(to legislation)
Disadvantages
Slow
Consistently
making
small
changes
Radical Solutions
Devised a completely
new product
by thinking about a solution in a
different way
.
Replaces
an
entire
system
Advantages
R&D
=
new
technologies
Allows for
patenting
Allows for company
diversification
Enhance
reputation
(soft power)
Creation of
Industries
Disadvantages
Costly
Uncertainty of success
Large
capital costs
End of Pipe Technologies
Reducing pollution
after
production (e.g.
carbon capture
)
System Level Solutions
Reducing pollution
throughout
production (e.g.
Smart Buildings
)
Clean Technologies
Biomass
Recycling
Renewable Energy
Electric Motors
Grey Water
Clean Fossil Fuels
Clean Coal
Coal washed in water to remove impurities
Wet Scrubbers
Spray of limestone and water in the large flues to remove sulpur dioxide
Low Nitrogen Oxide Burners
Electrolysis
2.5 Green Design
Designing products to
minimize
their
lifetime
environmental
impact
Sustainable products consider
triple bottom line
Mateials
Reduce
Packaging
Reduce Waste Material (less
subtractive
manufacturing)
Reducing the
variety
of materials
Design for
Disassembly
(so materials can be
sorted
)
Dematerialization
Energy
More energy efficient (
EPC Rating
)
Transportation (
fuel
)
Energy used in
Manufacturing
Pollution & Waste
Minimizing Safety Hazards
Reducing long-term harm (e.g.
radiation
)
Reducing Noise & Smell
Design for
Disassembly
Drivers for Green Design
Consumer Pressure
Public Awareness
Natural Disasters linked to Global Warming (
Acid Rain / Chernobyl
)
Awareness of
Business
Impact
Legislation
Such as National or International
Green Legislation
Focuses on Incremental Change
Allows businesses to adapt overtime
Shifting to only Electric Cars by 2030
Strategies for Green Design
Incremental
Radical
Precautionary Principle
If it can go wrong it WILL go wrong
Limiting the number of possible errors
2.6 Eco Design
Based on the
UN 1996 Guide to Eco Design
Reduce creation/use of
toxic
materials
Increase
recyclability
Reduce
energy consumption
Increase use of
renewable
resources
Increase
Durability
Eliminate
Planned Obsolescence
Dematerialize
Liner versus Circular Economy
Linear
"Cradle to Grave"
Take > Make > Waste
Circular
"Cradle to Cradle"
Ellen MacArthur Foundation
Life Cycle Analysis (
LCA
)
Pre-Production
Gathering of
Natural Resources
Mining / Transporting Materials to Factories
Production
Large Factories
Distribution
Includes Packaging
Warehouses
Trucks / Planes / Postage / Shipping
Utilization
Datschefki 5 Principles
Overall affect on the environment
Disposal
Depends on
Product
&
Disposal Method
Composting
Biodegradable versus Recycling
Considerations
Noise Pollution
Air Pollution
Visual Pollution
Chemical Pollution
Soil Degredation
Consumption of Natural Resources
Energy Consumption
Environmental Impact Matrix
Compares
Environmental Consideration
s to the 5
stages of LCA
Could be done as a
number rating
(out of 5)
Could be done to assess
role responsibility
(high - low)
CAD
allows designers to test and evaluate
virtually
- saving
resources
,
time
and
costs
Stages of the Product
Life Cycle
Introduction
Early Adopters
Growth
Mainstream
Maturity
Large Adopters
Decline
Laggards
Converging Technologies
Nanotechnology, biotechnology, information and communication technologies cognitive science
A
single
device with
multiple
functions (iPhone)
If one thing goes wrong, it
all goes wrong
Kinetic is
moving
energy and Potential is
stored
energy