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Birth and Inheritance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Puberty: mitosis occurs providing new cells, some of which undergo a growth period creating enlarged cells called primary spermatocytes
        
        The primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to produce secondary spermatocytes. The second division form 4 haploid spermatids which then mature to form spermatozoa (sperm)
        
        During maturation, cytoplasm is lost and a tail is formed. This process pccurs continually after puberty and takes 72 days to occur
        Contractile Tail: for swimming
        Enzymes in Head: help break into egg
        Mitochondria: provide movement energy
    - - By birth, each ovary contains several hundred thousand oogonia that have grown into primary oocytes which begin pro[hase and pause.
        
        Each oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cells forming a primary follicle. At puberty, follicle growth and maturation begin.
        
        As follicle matures. the oocyte completes meiosis I, producing 2 haploid cells which are unequal in size.
        Larger cell: secondary oocyte contain majority of cytoplasm
        Smaller cell: the first polar body
        
        The secondary oocyte goes into meiosis II, but stops at metaphase. Ovulation then occurs: follicle rupturing, expelling the oocyte and the polar body into the fallopian tube. If met with sperm, meiosis will complete and a second polar body will be made
  - - - Secondary sex characteristic: visible secondary sex characteristics include pubic hair, enlarged breasts and widened hips of females, and facial hair and Adam's apples on males
        Sexual Intercourse: Sexual intercourse, reproductive act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals) enters the female reproductive organ
        Erection: an enlarged and rigid state of the penis, typically in sexual excitement
        Ejaculation: the action of ejecting semen from the body
        Orgasm/climax: An orgasm is a feeling of intense pleasure that happens during sexual activity
        Insemination: the introduction of semen into a woman or a female animal by natural or artificial means
        Fertilization: the action or process of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
        Sperm Mortality: Mortality decreased as the percentages of normal and motile sperm increased, Mortality also decreased as the sperm concentration increased up to a threshold of 40 million/mL, which mirrors the finding for the ability to conceive
        Corona Radita: surrounds an egg and consists of two or three layers of cells from the follicle and they supply vital proteins to the egg
        Male Pronucleus: the nucleus that remains in a male gamete after the meiotic reduction division and that contains only one half of the number of chromosomes characteristic of its species
        Female Pronucleus: The female pronucleus is the female egg cell once it has become a haploid cell
        Zygote: a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum
    - - Major Function: Makes sperm cells (gametes)
        
        Scrotum: pounch of skin containing 2 testes and divided into 2 sacks; 1 for each teste. sperm production occurs at 2 degrees less than normal body temp. Smooth muscle fibers in scrotum contarct and relax to move testes closer/further from body
        
        Testes: primary reproductive organ. 200-300 lobules filled with seminiferous tubules which are lined with cells that produce gametes. All tubules join to form a short, straight tubule which leaves the tests and enters epididymis. Interstitial cells are found between the tubules: secrete testosterone
        
        Seminiferous Tubules: Sperm is manufactured in a network of tubules called semiferous tubules and then goes into epididymis
        
        Epididymis: Stores the sperm while they finish maturing. They can be stored for up to a month. It is about 5-6 metres long and it continues to become the vas deferens.