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Pernicious Anemia (PA) - Coggle Diagram
Pernicious Anemia (PA)
Causative Factors
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Genetics
Congenital IF secretion deficiency is autosomal recessive (McCance & Rote, 2019)
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Diagnostics Tests
According to McCance and Rote (2019), the median age of diagnosis is 60 years old due to the slow development of PA
PA is underdiagnosed due to nonspecific symptoms and complex diagnosing process
(Liu et al., 2017)
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Risk Factors
Vegetarianism
Having an autoimmune polyendocrinopathy issue
(such as autoimmune thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes)
Removal of the stomach
Ileum resection
Tapeworm infestation
Conditions that cause Vit B12 demand (such as pregnancy or hyperthyroidism)
Excessive alcohol or smoking
(McCance & Rote, 2019)
According to Liu et al. (2017), those with a scabies infection showed increased risk of having subsequent PA
While more research is needed, the authors suggest this relationship stems from the similar immune-mediated inflammatory processes in both conditions (Liu et al., 2017)
Common Findings
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Other symptoms
Weakness
Fatigue
Paresthesia
Beefy, red, sore tongue
Lemon yellow skin tone
Hepatomegaly
Encephalopathy
Optic neuropathy
(McCance & Rote, 2019)
Treatment
Replacing Vitamin B12 through oral supplements or injection
(McCance & Rote, 2019)
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