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Water Cycle - Coggle Diagram
Water Cycle
Hyrdrosphere:
water on or close to the Earth's surface
general agreement of around 1.338x10^9 km^3 of water in hydrosphere.
around 97% if this is oceanic water
fresh water (remaining 3%) is in land ice, glaciers and permafrost, groundwater, lakes, soil, wetland, rivers, biomass and atmospheric water.
12,900km^3 of water vapour is in atmosphere - makes up 0.4% of all water.
Oceanic water covers 72% of planet's surface - only 5% has been explored. Salts are alkaline with average pH of 8.14 - fallen to 8.25 in last 250 years.
Cryospheric Water:
where water is in a solid form
Sea Ice: does not raise sea level when it melts, forms from ocean water.
Ice sheets: mass of glacial land ice extending more than 50,000 km^2. Two major ice sheets on Earth cover most of Greenland and Antarctica. Together it contains more than 99% of freshwater ice on Earth.
Antarctic extends almost 14 million km^2, roughly the area of US and Mexico combined - contains 30 million km^3 of ice. If the Greenland ice sheet melted, sea level would rise by 6m. If Antarctic ice sheet melted, sea level would rise by 60m.
Ice caps: thick layers of ice smaller than 50,000km^2. Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is Africa's only remaining glacier and it melting.
Alpine Glaciers: thick masses of ice found in deep valleys - particularly important in Himalayas where 15,000 glaciers form a reservoir which supports the Ganges.
Permafrost: ground that remains at or below 0 degrees for at least 2 consecutive years. Thickness from 1-1500m. Melting releases lots of CO2 and methane.
Terrestrial Water:
Surface water: free-flowing water of rivers as well as water of ponds and lakes.
Rivers: store and transfer of water. 0.0002% of all water.
Amazon is largest river by discharge in the world (209000m^3/s)
Enters Brazil with 1/5 of glow it discharges into the Atlantic.
Lakes: collections of fresh water in hollows - greater than 2 hectares.
Canada has 31,752 lakes larger than 3km^2 and total 2 million.
Largest lake is Caspian Sea at 78,200km^3
Wetlands: areas where water covers the soil. Pantanal South America is largest freshwater wetland system.
Groundwater: collects underground in pore spaces of rock.
depth at which soil pore spaces/fractures are completely saturated = water table. Rapidly reducing due to extensive extraction for irrigating agricultural land in dry areas.
Soil Water: held together with air in unsaturated upper weathered layers of the Earth.
Fundamental to many hydrological, biological and biogeochemical processes. Key in controlling exchange of water and heat energy between land surface and atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration.
Biological Water: water stored in all biomass.
Areas of dense rainforest store much more water than deserts. Storage of water via trees provides a reservoir of water that helps maintain some climatic environments. If destroyed then store is lost - climate becomes more desert like.
Atmospheric Water: