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Ancillary Service (on a commercial basis), Exercise topics, vertical…
Ancillary Service (on a commercial basis)
flexibility
active power
voltage angle, syst. frequency
reactive power
voltage module
produce Q, |U| rise;
consume/ absorb Q, |U| drops
security of system operation
voltage stability
+- 10%
ISO, TSO/ DSO
Congestion management
redispatch to control power flows in grids
service charge for the users (if any)
facilities
reactive compensation devices, transformers(tap-changing& phase shift), Flexi AC Transmission Systems (FACTS), grid topology changes
HOWEVER, it can not help to control the freq. due to load variations!
transmission services
Gen. w/ AVR or PSS
(contribution) AVR: sync. torque; PSS: damping torque
transmission line currents
congestion at line/ transformer occurs when current exceeds its thermal limits
cascading outage on the devices may occur until complete blackout
frequency fluctuation
loads increase suddenly, freq drops due to the taken kinetic energy from sync gen. rotors
synchronism
rotor angle stability
energy reserve
black-start capability
Thermal units: hydro- diesel/ gas turbine gens. w/ limited contribution to the flexibility of volt/ freq stability
spinning reserve (gens. in)
Cold energy reserve (gen. out)
bilateral agreement
long-term contracts
pool market mechanism
short-term contracts
balancing market
Frequency control
primary control/ local
speed governors of generators run against
prevent freq. collapse
secondary control/ load following / centralised & coordinated
droop control
to recover the reference freq
dedicated to preventive or curative issues
Exercise topics
ch2- optimal single power plant generation w/
constraints
service quantity, spot price, power dispatch profile, cost & revenue, marginal cost, operation cost &profit,
practice!
ch3- Plant operation w/ optional contracts
pool market trade, spot price, CfD,
review contract types
ch4-optimal dispatch for two plants
biding strategies:
pareto optimum, nash equilibrium
review biding strategies: pareto optimum, nash equilibrium with payoff table
ch5- Transmission Load Relief (TLR)
unconstrained/ constrained eco dispatch, LMP
review LMP, TLP,
vertical-integrated unbundled market - liberal
provision through market
unique buyer: ISO, GenCos & interruptible loads are sellers
Transmission Load Relief (TLR)
Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDF)
Pareto
Nash equilibrium
Service Charges