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RESEARCH PRINCIPLES ETHICS - Coggle Diagram
RESEARCH PRINCIPLES ETHICS
PROTECTION FROM HARM
RESEARCH ALWAYS INVOLVE SOME RISK
Negligible risk
Low risk
More substantial risks
RISK CAN TAKE MANY FORMS
Physical
Physiological
Legal
Social/reputational
RISK NEED TO BE;
offset by corresponding benefit
Minimized, if eliminating them is impossible
eliminated, if possible
INFORMED CONSENT
SOLUTION
Informed consent
CLEAR EXPLANATION TO ALL POTENTIAL PARTICIPANTS OF;
Any benefit (or, more commonly, that there will be no personal benefits)
When data will be collected and how this data will be stored and used
Any risk of the research
Their rights to refuse to participants, withdraw and access their data
What the research will require them to do
PROBLEMS
But risks are generally incurred mainly by the research participants
How do you justify this imbalances?
Benefits generally flows to the public in general
COMMONLY EXPRESED IN DOCUMENTS SUCH AS
Participants informations forms
Signed consent form
COMPLICATING CONSENT
Capacity to consent
Cognitive capacity
Dependence
Vulnerability
Legal capacity to enter into contracts
Incentives
Misunderstandings and miscommunications
Transparency
Ability to reach all possible participants
Honesty
Plain language
Literacy
Consenting for other
CONTROL OVER PERSONAL
Generally understood as a harm minimisation strategy
Intersects with privacy law: people have a right to view their personal data
Often expressed in terms of anonymity and confidentiality
Anonymity = no one can identify the research participants
Confidentiality =researches can identify participants, but commits not to
Not always realistic
Anonymity often impossible
Some data intrinsically identifying (audio, video, photos)
Some kinds of social research require researches o know participants
Confidentiality
Requires good data management strategy and strong data security
May still be possible to guess or reconstruct
Can be legally compelled to identify participants if possible
Some participants want their identities known-can be unethical to conceal
JUSTICE
The distribution of risk and benefits through society can matter for whether research is ethical
Does some portion of society unusually benefit
is some portion of society unusally burdened by research
Dilemma arises because
risks accrue mainly to the individual participants
Benefit accrues mainly to others
Examples
WEIRD PEOPLE (Western, Educated , Industrialised, Rich, Democratic)
Monetisation of cultural inheritance and genetic information of historically colonised people
Race, class and gender differences in participation and beneficiaries
The value of research proposal, you weigh the risk and benefits