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The Manchurian Crisis:, https://youtu.be/lMRPBKbgDGM, , ., image, ., , …
The Manchurian Crisis:
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT JAPAN:
The Great Depression affected many countries - especially Japan. Their trade collapsed due to the markets closing and the adoption of trade barriers across the globe. Japan imported the majority of its raw materials, which included oils and metals; and exported their manufactured goods to Asia and the United States. So, when the trade barriers were introduced all of these activities had to come to an end.
The problem was compounded because Japan had to pay for imports in gold or others and they couldn't sell their products to gain what they needed.
Japan had a growing population in a land where there were few resources.
Colonization of Taiwan added to Japan in 1895 helped. However, the USA was the greatest recipient of Japanese immigration. Some people from Japan thought that an expanded empire would help alleviate the population pressures.
The Japanese military had grown more powerful than the civilian government in 1930 as the constitution of Japan clearly stated they should be part of the government. In 1931, the civilian government couldn't continue controlling the army.
From 1932 to 1936, the Prime Minister position was held by admirals from the navy.
The economic crisis coupled with nationalism and a weak civilian government dominated by the military who had the idea that Japan should expand.
If Japan expanded they would have raw materials and food and also a place where people from overcrowded areas could go.
THE MUKDEN INCIDENT AND THE LYTTON COMMISION:
September 18, 1931, a bomb exploded on the railroad in Mukden, the largest city in Manchuria. This is known as the Mukden incident.
It took place near a garrison of Japanese soldiers guarding the South Manchuria Railway operated by Japan.
Japan blamed China for the explosion. This was an excuse for the Japanese to occupy southern Manchuria.
Japanese army defeated Chinese troops in the north, occupying all Manchuria.
China appealed to the League of Nations.
The league requested that Japan pulled its army to the south but this request was ignored.
The Lytton Commission was established to investigate the issue of Japanese aggression in Manchuria while Japan consolidated its grip over Manchuria creating Manchukuo, This new state was dominated by the Japanese and ruled by the emperor Kang-de, known as Pu-Yi.His installation as ruler helped Japan justify its invasion as a way to free Manchurian people from the Chinese domination.
Japan argued that separating Manchuria from the chaos of China's politics and the internal wars was a way of bringing peace and stability to the people who lived there.
One year after the Mukden accident, the Lytton Commission was released in September 1939. It acknowledged Japan’s special interests in China and in Manchuria.Also, it revealed (without having uncovered who had been behind this) the news that a bombing had occured in Mukden and realised that despite Japanese claims, the Manchurians had not performed any sort of rebellion for independence.
It suggested Japan had not used such aggression.
France, Britain and Italy objected to the measures that Japan had taken but they did not do much else in response to this.
IMPACT OF THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS ON ASIA:
The Japanese military, which already had substantial power in the government, acted on its own initiative, dictating Japanese foreign policy and expecting the civilian government to simply follow.
In 1932, the members of the Japanese military assassinated the head of the civilian government, the Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi.
They acted to protest against limitations placed on the Japanese navy at the London Naval Conference of 1930
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON CHINA:
China was a massive country in population and land.
Its government was facing a civil war.
No political stability. There was fighting between the Communist and Kuomintang forces.
Japan and China were both part of the League of Nations.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON MANCHURIA:
Manchuria was a very big province in northern China but with a very small population. It was full of natural resources like iron and coal. Also it was very close to Japan.
Japan ruled Korea in the east of Manchuria and it was used as staging area for any invasion of China.
In addition Japan had the South Manchurian railway an investment they had made and protected it with 15.000 troops.
THE FAILURE OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS:
While China continued to protest, the invasion of Manchuria affected the relationship between Japan and the USA.
RELUCTANCE TO USE FORCE:
France and Britain dominated the League, and the USA and the Soviet Union did not and were not intervening in most of the internationals affairs.
Japan and China were far from Europe and the British and French public would not tolerate them to take their men to die far from home over a conflict they didn't care.
People became more concerned with their immediate economic situation, and with how to keep national unity to get through the worst effects of the Great Depression.
OPPOSITION TO COMMUNISM:
Communists in China were supported by the Soviet Union and if a capitalist, imperialistic Japan could fight and destroy communism there, western nations would not object. A stronger Japan could also put military pressure on the Soviet Union.
A BETTER OFF MANCHURIA:
The other realities were that Japan, having set up a Manchurian ruler over Manchukuo, could easily say that Manchuria was better off, that Manchurians had the right to rule themselves as other minorities had done.
https://youtu.be/lMRPBKbgDGM
https://youtu.be/fYGsdC7Sg38
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