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Aspects of cohesion - Coggle Diagram
Aspects of cohesion
Substitution
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Substitution of a clause
- expect/ think /imagine /believe + so - to express an opinion without repeating the preceding statement, question or answer.
- to make a negative responce we:
make the verb negative + so - to express a neative response
these verbs + not - possible but archaic(used in formal context),
hope + not - exaption
- :red_cross: don't use so or not after expressions of certainty or doubt.
:check: use it
- :red_cross: don't use that-clause after so
:check: use it, this, that - to refer back to a previous clause.
- if, whether clause are substituted for if so (affirmative) if not
- so at the beginning of a short answer when we agree to a statement with a certain amount of surprise.
:warning: Be careful not to cinfuse this use with So did/ did so
- Do you think WAP phones will ever catch on? (l think so) I expect so.
I wonder if privatising the post office will make the postal service more efficient.
I hope so! I don't believe so, myself.
- Are you coming to the party tomorrow? I don't think so.
Was the document countersigned by two witnesses? I believe not.
It's going to rain. I hope not.
- Do you think it'll rain? I'm certain of it.
Do you think interest rates will go down this month? I doubt it.
- Do you know if John is coming this evening?
I think so. I think (that) he is.
- I forgot his birthday again and he was really upset about it. ( = forgetting his birthday). Many of the latest models have been recalled because of a fault in the steering. This has caused embarrassment to the manufacturers.
Many of the latest models have been recalled because of a fault in the steering. This has caused embarrassment to the manufacturers.
- Can you check whether that contract has arrived and, if so, send it out to Mr Andrews?
He asked the guests if they wanted an evening meal, and if not, whether he could bring them sandwiches in their rooms.
- They've put a new statue in front of the palace. So they have.
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Ellipsis
Omitting a noun/pronoun
- often omit:
:check: nouns or pronouns in the second of two coordinate clauses
:check: end when the subject is the same (casual spoken English)
:warning: don't leave out pronouns in subordinate clause.
:check: subject pronouns at the beginning of short sentences in casual English.
- Lucy went up to the bar and (she) asked for a coffee.
We were totaly exhausted but (we) felt satisfied with our day's work.
- Sandy was feeling really bored. (and he) didn't know what to do with all the extra time he'd now got.
- All night she was so tired that she fell asleep as soon as she got into bed.
- (I) Must go now. It's getting late.
Is your brother coming with us? (I) Hope not!
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Omitting a verb
- can omit a verb to avoid repeating it
:warning: don't omit the auxiliary or modal
- form - change
:<3: present/past simple verb - omit main verb in and clauses
:<3: auxiliary + main verb - omit main verb
:<3: modal + main verb - omit main verb
:<3: compound verb forms - omit second/thind auxiliary or only the main verb
:check: in coordinate clauses when the second clause is very similar in pattern to the first, we leave out the auxiliary as well.
:check: we can introduce a new modal in order to add interpretation (in this case deduction) but still not repeat the main verb.
:check: in comparison clauses we can omit: verbs and auxiliary and modal verbs as well.
:check: if the comparison clause begins with a pronoun and we omit the verb phrase completely, we use an object pronoun rather than a subject pronoun.
- She attracts the attention of the local yobbos and he (attracts) the suspicions of the villagers.
- I like John and he (likes) me.
- He was looking for a job, or at least, he said he was (looking for one).
Have you seen my glasses? Yes, I have (seen them). They're here.
- I can speak Spanish and Mary can (speak Spanish) too.
- Couldn't anybody have been warned about the problem?
- Yes, the captain could (have been warned) could have (been warned)/ could have been (warned)
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- Since the divorce I've lived in London and my husband (has lived) in Cambridge.
- Has Mary arived yet? She must have (arrived). There's her coat.
- You look older than my mother (does).
House prices have dropped much less than share prices (have done)/ have (done).
Most European teams can now play more interesting football than the British teams (can play)/ can (play).
I've been working here longer than you (have been doing)/ have (been doing)/ have been (doing).
- You look older than she does. - You look older than her.
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Types of text reference
Substitution and elipsis
- Substitution - replacing one word or phrase with another.
- Ellipsis - leave out words or phrases altogether.
:check: used to avoid the unnecessary repetition of words or phrases.
:check: leave out or replace nouns, verbs, entire clauses.
:check: verbs and verb phrases are often replaced by a form of the auxiliaty do
- Labour voted for the proposals and the Liberals voted for the proposals too.
Labour voted for the proposals and the Liberals did too.
- Make left at about the same time as Jane (left)
- The best skiing is found not at big resorts but it is found at small resorts.)
- The best skiing is found not at big resorts but at small ones.
- Hadn't we better look into the interest rates first? It's Ok. I've already done it.
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