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Are Current Antimalarial Drugs More Effective than the Current Developing…
Are Current Antimalarial Drugs More Effective than the Current Developing Malaria Vaccines?
Antimalarial Drugs
Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone)
Advantages
Good for last-minute travelers because the drug is started 1-2 days before traveling to an area where malaria transmission occurs
Some people prefer to take a daily medicine
Good choice for shorter trips because you only have to take the medicine for 7 days after traveling rather than 4 weeks
Very well tolerated medicine with uncommon side effects
Pediatric tablets are available and may be more convenient
Disadvantages
Cannot be taken by people with severe renal impairment
Tends to be more expensive than some of the other options
Chloroquine
Advantages
Some people would rather take medicine weekly
Good choice for long trips because it is taken only weekly
Can be used in all trimesters of pregnancy
Disadvantages
May exacerbate psoriasis
Some people would rather not take a weekly medication
For trips of short duration, some people would rather not take medication for 4 weeks after travel
Not a good choice for last-minute travelers because drug needs to be started 1-2 weeks prior to travel
Doxycycline
Advantages
Tends to be the least expensive antimalarial
Doxycycline also can prevent some additional infections and so it may be preferred by people planning to do of hiking, camping, and wading and swimming in fresh water
Disadvantages
Cannot be used by pregnant women and children under 8 years old
Some people would rather not take a medicine every day
Some people are concerned about the potential of getting an upset stomach from doxycycline
Mefloquine
Advantages
Good choice for long trips because it is taken only weekly
Can be used during pregnancy
Disadvantages
Cannot be used in patients with certain psychiatric conditions
Cannot be used in patients with a seizure disorder
Once a day/ Once a week dosage
Developing Malaria Vaccines
Mosquirix
A recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine. Approved for use by European regulators in July 2015, it is the world's first licensed malaria vaccine
PfSPZ vaccine
A candidate malaria vaccine made of non-replicating irradiated whole sporozoites and developed by Sanaria. PfSPZ is the acronym of words: Plasmodium falciparum and sporozoites.
Environmental Factors
Non-climactic
Malaria vectors
Only Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria and they must have been infected through a previous blood prandial taken from an infected person.
Urbanization
The incidence of malaria is generally lower in urban areas than in rural areas.
Population movement and migration
Population movements have significant implications for malaria transmission. The majority of the population movements involves people moving from the highlands to the malaria-endemic lowlands.
Climatic
Temperature
Parasite development
The time required for the parasite to complete its development in the gut of the mosquito is about 10 days, but it can be shorter or longer than that depending on the temperature
Mosquito development
Development of the mosquito larva also depends on temperature and it develops more quickly at higher temperatures. Higher temperatures also increase the number of blood meals taken and the number of eggs laid by the mosquitoes, which increases the number of mosquitoes in a given area.
Rainfall
Water collections that support vector breeding appear mainly after the rains, and therefore malaria transmission is highest following the rainy season.
Anopheline mosquitoes breed in water
Relative humidity
Area of the World
Human Host factors
Immunity
Immune
Certain population groups can be infected by some types of malaria parasites, but not by others.
Not Immune
Most at Risk
Pregnant Women
Children, Under the Age of 5