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download (1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Practical
        
        Digs deeper into the effectiveness of affirmative action.
        The results of affirmative action will not successfully see the outcome it was intended for, but rather lower minority students self-esteem and create more racial tension
      - Principle
        
        Do Racial Preferences Violate Rights?
        
        Racial preferences violate the rights of applicants who were denied admission for something that was not their fault.
        
        Utilitarian: "The case for affirmative action would simply depend on weighing the educational and civic benefits it produces against the disappointment it causes..." (pg 173)
        
        Kantian: "even desirable ends must not override individual rights. [I]f using race as a factor in admissions violates...rights, then doing so is unjust. (pg 173)
- - - - Argument: The school mission was to train lawyers for Texas law firms.
        Since Texas law firms did not hire blacks, the law school argued, its mission would not be served by admitting them.
        
        the Texas law school used race as a badge of inferiority, whereas today’s racial preferences do not insult or stigmatize anyone.
        Hopwood considered
        her rejection unfair, but she cannot claim that it expresses hatred or contempt.
        
        racial and ethnic diversity in the classroom and the courtroom serves the law school’s educational purposes
  - - - Argument: Dartmouth is a Christian College founded for the Christianization of its students.
- - - - Fairness: "no one be rejected out of prejudice or contempt, and that applicants be judged by criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself." (Pg 182)
      - Merit: "the ability to contribute, in one way or another, to the mission of the university..." (Pg 182)