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Hepatic Encephalopathy
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The five stages of hepatic encephalopathy, according to the West Haven Criteria, are:
Stage 2. Symptoms are moderate. At this stage, you may feel disoriented or lethargic.
Stage 3. Symptoms are severe. You’ll be unable to perform basic tasks. You’ll also feel confused and experience personality changes.
Stage 1. Symptoms are mild. They may include a shortened attention span and changes to your sleep habits, such as hypersomnia or insomnia.
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Stage 0. At this stage, symptoms are minimal.
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Hepatits C
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Complications
Hepatitis C infection that continues over many years can cause significant complications, such as:
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Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). After decades of hepatitis C infection, cirrhosis may occur. Scarring in your liver makes it difficult for your liver to function.
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Diagnosis
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Other blood tests
If an initial blood test shows that you have hepatitis C, additional blood tests will:
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Ascites
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Symptoms
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a distended, or swollen, abdomen
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Hepatits D
Symptoms
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yellowing of the skin and eyes, which is called jaundice
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Pathophysiology
Patients may be infected with HDV at the same time that they acquire the hepatitis B virus (acute coinfection) or they can acquire the virus after infection with hepatitis B (superinfection). It is still not clear whether the virus is directly cytotoxic or whether an immune-mediated response is responsible for the pathology. An immune response may be the predominant mediator in chronic disease, whereas direct viral cytotoxicity can predominate in acute infection. Necroinflammatory activity is severe, but histologic features are nonspecific for chronic HDV infection.
Prevention
Prevention and control of HDV infection requires prevention of HBV transmission through hepatitis B immunization, blood safety, injection safety, and harm reduction services. Hepatitis B immunization does not provide protection against HDV for those already HBV infected.
Hepatits B
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Diagnosis
Blood Tests
Blood tests can detect signs of the hepatitis B virus in your body and tell your doctor whether it's acute or chronic. A simple blood test can also determine if you're immune to the condition.
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Liver biopsy
Your doctor might remove a small sample of your liver for testing (liver biopsy) to check for liver damage. During this test, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver and removes a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
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Chronic Hepatitis
Symptoms
Often, the first specific symptoms occur when liver disease has progressed and there is evidence of cirrhosis. Symptoms can include
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Diagnosis
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Specialized imaging tests, such as ultrasound elastography and magnetic resonance elastography
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