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Year 10 Glossary, Hybrid vehicle
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that…
Year 10 Glossary
Chemistry
Periodic Table
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Electrons configuration - The number and arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus of an atom.
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Element - substance made up of only one atom. # #
Properties
Conductive -
A material that conducts either heat or electricity, or both.
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Electricity
Electrode -
A conductor through which an electric current enters or leaves an electrolytic cell; either an anode or cathode.
Electrolysis -
An electro-chemical process in which current is passed between two electrodes through an ionised solution (electrolyte) to deposit positive ions on the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions on the positive electrode (anode). Electrolysis is used in industry to extract and purify reactive metals, e.g., aluminium.
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Electroplating -
A process in which a protective metal coating is added to another metal using electricity. The ions on the coating metal gain electrons at the cathode.
Group -
A vertical column of the periodic table containing elements with similar outer electron configuration.
Halogen -
An element in group 7 of the periodic table, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, iodine.
Halide -
A binary compound containing a halogen, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium fluoride, calcium bromide.
Bonding
Alkane - Single bonded Hydrocarbons #
Alkene - Double bonded Hydrocarbons #
Alkyne - Triple bonded Hydrocarbons #
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Covalent bonding - Where two atoms are bonded by electrical forces via the arrangement of their valence electrons.
Covalent compound - A compound that is formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metallic elements.
Carbon
Allotrope - A from of an element with a different structural arrangement of atoms. #
Crude oil - A complex mixture of carbon compounds formed from the fossilised remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
Diesel - A fraction obtained from crude oil of chain length C14 to C20 that is used as a fuel. #
Diamond - A strong, hard allotrope of carbon in which each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms, forming a giant covalent structure.
Buckminsterfullerene -
An allotrope of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene (buckyball) is a very large molecule in which the carbon atoms form pentagons and hexagons in a similar way to a leather football.
Carbyne -
A recently synthesised allotrope of carbon that is double the strength of graphene. It resembles diamond in structure but is forty times stronger.
Gasoline -
A fraction of crude oil with carbon chain lengths of 5-12, containing hydrocarbons used mainly for motor fuels and chemical manufacture.
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Graphene -
A strong, tough allotrope of carbon formed from a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal pattern.
Graphite -
An allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms form layers. These layers can slide over each other, making graphite much softer than diamond.
Carbohydrate -
A large molecule containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. e.g., glucose, starch.
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Hydrocarbon -
An organic compound composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. Most hydrocarbons we use originate from crude oil.
Example of a compound
Chemical reactions
Catalyst - A substance that speeds the process of the reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
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Chemical reaction - A change which results in a new substance being formed. #
Fuel cell -
A cell producing an electric current from a chemical reaction e.g., hydrogen cell.
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Decomposition reaction - A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances.
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Displacement reaction - A reaction where one reactant is replaced by another reactant, e.g., a less reactive metal will come out of solution and a more reactive metal will dissolve to replace it.
Effective collision - A collision which results in a new substance being formed in a chemical reaction.
Endothermic reaction - A chemical reaction which involves taking in of energy. (Reaction container becomes cold)
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Catalytic cracking -
A refining process in which long chain or more complex hydrocarbons, such as oil, are broken down under pressure, heat and in the presence of a catalyst. This produces more useful compounds with shorter chain length.
Fermentation -
A reaction in which energy is produced in the absence of oxygen.
Used to create
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Concentration -
The strength of a solution, as determined by the amount of a substance (solute) dissolved in the solvent.
Corrosion -
A class of chemical reactions that change pure metals, or alloys, into compounds, usually of oxygen, due to exposure to the atmosphere
Galvanise - To place a thin layer of zinc on a metal, e.g., iron, to protect the underlying surface from corrosion.
Corrosive -
The process in which a metal reacts with air, water or other substances to form rust. A corrosive substance can destroy another substance by contact e.g., strong acids and bases.
Fractional distillation -
The separation (through distillation using a fractionating column), of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point and chemical composition.
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Biology
Biodegradable -
The ability of an organic material, usually of biological origin, to decompose by micro-organisms.
Biopolymer -
A plastic or fibre that is biodegradable due to its biological origin, e.g., paper, cotton and polymers originating from cellulose or starch.
Biomass -
The mass of matter derived from living organisms, usually expressed as dry weight.
Cellulose -
A carbohydrate composed of glucose monomers. It is the main constituent of plant cell walls.
Scientific Investigation
Hypothesis -
A statement that predicts a possible explanation for observations, that can be tested by experiment.
Hybrid vehicle
A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more different power sources, e.g., electric vehicles, which combine a petrol engine and electric motors.