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14 IDEA disability categories, Problems/Barriers of Assertive technology,…

- - - - :confetti_ball:Symptoms:1)Delay in speech
        2)Issues recalling or naming letters, numbers and colors
        3)Trouble learning
        4)Misspells words
        5)Difficulty with learning numbers
        
        Link to Activity 2 by Adriana Urbina Pinto Detection and Referral Protocol
    - - :confetti_ball:Early Signs:
        1)Better at communicating through speech than through writing
        2)Tight or awkward pencil grip
        3) When writing, says words out loud or carefully watches hand
        4)Tires easily when writing by hand
        5) Hands are sore when they finish writing
        6) Body position is awkward or eyes are too close to the paper
        7) Illegible handwriting
        8) Uneven spaces between letters and words on paper, or difficulty writing within lines and margins
        9)Incorrect orientation of letters (either vertically or horizontally)
        10)Trouble with tasks that require thinking and writing at the same time, such as notetaking
    - - :confetti_ball:Early Signs:1) Struggles with counting, number facts, and basic calculations.
        2)Difficulty with measurement, telling time, counting money, and estimating number quantities.
        3)Trouble with mental math and problem-solving strategies.
        4)Difficulty with connecting numbers to real-life situations, e.g. “five cookies”
        5)Struggles to recognize patterns or sort items by size.
  - - - In the area of reading, text-to-speech software programs holds great promise as they allow screen presented text to be read aloud to the student, thus minimizing the challenges of tasks such as, decoding print.
    - - In the area of Writing, three specific tools have particular applicability for student with learning disability, including (a) talking word processors, (b) graphic organizers, and (c) speech recognition software.
    - - In the area of Maths, Using the Calculator Collection software, students can ‘simplify’ math
        values and problems by getting visual presentations of proportions of a whole and seeing steps in a problem.
  - - - Comment from Shuhan Wang
        
        Link to Activity 2 Flowchart - How to help struggling students
      - Stephan Hansen flow chart that might be used for this disability
  - - - often hard to distinguish from students without disabilities, especially in non-school settings
      - often display a combination of academic, behavioral and social problems
      - can meet same standards as students without disabilities when highly structured interventions are put into place
    - - Prevalence
        Specific learning disabilities are considered a high-incidence disability. The U.S. Department of Education reports that there are over 2.8 million students being served for specific learning disabilities. This number of students is approximately 47.4% of all children receiving special education services.
    - - To better serve students with disabilities, some states classify students identified for special education in terms of incidence — how frequently students’ particular disability or disabilities may be encountered in classrooms.
- - - - Video: Developmental Delays in Children
  - - - a daily calendar made of photographs showing routine activities
      - a rocking chair
      - a set of headphones for blocking noises
      - other tools that enable the express needs or interests of each evaluated child
  - - - evaluate and measure progress of each child and the programs that serve them
        
        Comment
        from
        Nikki Zhang
        
        click the link to Activity 2 flow chart
        Special education process flow chat of Nikki Zhang
      - change the content to be appropriate to each student's development
      - build on their skills
      - let children participate actively
      - make materials and toys usable
- - - - Braille notetakers
      - Optical character reader
      - Electronic braillewriter
    - - Adaptive devices:
        
        Braille notetakers
        
        Optical character reader
        
        Electronic braillewriter
      - Alerting devices: A device that converts an audio alert (e.g., doorbell, alarm clock) into a visual or physical alert that the person can perceive.
      - Telecommunications: Many different options are available for those who are D/deaf or HoH, including amplified telephones, TTY / TDD, Text-to-911, and video chat.
      - Enhanced listening: Systems can be used to connect an audio feed directly to someone’s hearing aid or cochlear implant.
      - Visual communication: Captions and transcripts (with the ability to enlarge or zoom in!) provide audio information in a visual format.
    - - The stenotype machine is connected to a computer with translating software that translates shorthand into words.
    - - Video modeling allows students the opportunity to watch and review copious examples of themselves and others interacting, performing tasks and procedures, and other activities.
  - - - The principal communication systems include:
        Touch cues,Object symbols,
        Sign language,Gestures,
        Picture symbols,Fingerspelling,
        Signed English,Braille,American
        Sign Language,Lip-reading speech,
        Pidgin Signed English,
        Tadoma method of speech reading.
        
        Youtube video about Symbolic Communication (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwE9qrS_VgI)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwE9qrS_VgI
- - - - Hearing loss may result from genetic causes, complications at birth, certain infectious diseases, chronic ear infections, the use of particular drugs, exposure to excessive noise, and aging.
      - 60% of childhood hearing loss is due to preventable causes.
      - 1.1 billion young people are at risk of hearing loss due to exposure to noise in recreational settings.
      - People with hearing loss benefit from early identification; use of hearing aids, cochlear implants and other assistive devices; captioning and sign language; and other forms of educational and social support.
- - - - (a) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.
      - (b) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers.
      - (c) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances.
      - (d) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression.
      - (e) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.
  - - - Behavior charts: can be used regularly to keep a student on track through out the day
      - Critical thinking cards: helps students learn how to deal with emotions, how to solve problems, learning the difference between fact and inference, and lastly learning how to make predictions.
      - Pull talk: Four detachable pouches that clip on to a students belt. Students can create words of their own to improve reading skills and sight word recognition.
    - - MotivAIDER: to keep students focused and control bad habits
      - Quit light: to keep control of noise level in a classroom or at home
    - - BrainPop: a website that allows for students to study and play games involving all different school subjects
  - - - Set up goals aimed at social interactions
      - Use seating arrangement to encourage social interaction.
    - - Include them in the planning process and IEP, so they can note, visual and voice their goals
    - - Set up personalized goals and strategies
      - Early detection and intervention
      - challenge them to keep them learning new skills
    - - Set clear rules and expectations with visual stimulating material
    - - Establish a quiet cool off area
      - Teach self-talk to relieve stress and anxiety
      - Teach and put in place self-monitoring and self-control techniques
      - Provide time for relaxation techniques
      - Be aware of your speech and non-verbal cues when talking to the student
    - - Clearly post rules
      - Stay consistent in expectations
      - Set limits and Boundaries
      - Use behavior contracts
      - Use a highly structured environment
      - Develop a cue word for the child to note inappropriate behavior
- - - - (Hope for the Warriors)
  - - - Use of small voice recorders to keep notes or record reminders.
      - Large-print calendars and agendas can help keep reminders of routines, contact information and appointments.
      - Speech-generating devices can aid communication for language and speech impairments resulting from the TBI.
        
        Assistive Augmentation Communication (AAC) Software.
      - Speech-recognition software that aids the students writing skills of students with motor skills impairments resulting from TBI.
      - (Brainline, 2011),(Illinois Library, 2020)
    - - Training and technical assistance for educators and rehabilitation services.
      - Since the impairments resulting from a TBI can be varied and far-reaching, it is imperative to have a complete evaluation of these, in order to better accommodate the student and see that her/his medical, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional needs are being met.
      - (Brainline, 2011)
- - - - Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have a vision impairment or blindness, of whom at least 1 billion have a vision impairment that could have been prevented or has yet to be addressed.
      - A person’s experience of vision impairment varies depending upon many different factors. This includes for example, the availability of prevention and treatment interventions, access to vision rehabilitation and whether the person experiences problems with inaccessible buildings, transport and information.
- - - - About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs.
    - - Repetitive behaviors are called stereotypy and involve repeated movements such as hand flapping, making sounds, head rolling and body rocking. Compulsive behavior involves arranging objects or toys in stacks or lines.
    - - People with autism have social impairments and often lack the intuition about others that many people take for granted.
  - - - Visual support strategies which do not involve any type of electronic or battery operated device - typically low cost, and easy to use equipment.
        
        Example: dry erase boards, clipboards, 3-ring
        binders, manila file folders, photo albums, laminated PCS/photographs, highlight tape, etc.
    - - Battery operated devices or "simple" electronic devices requiring limited advancements in technology.
        
        Example: tape recorder, Language Master, overhead projector, timers, calculators,and simple voice output devices.
    - - Complex technological support strategies - typically "high" cost equipment.
        
        Example: video cameras, computers and adaptive hardware, complex voice output devices.
- - - - A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
    - - Speech disorders
        
        Speech disorders refer to difficulties producing speech sounds or problems with voice quality.
      - Language Disorders
        
        A language disorder is an impairment in the ability to understand and/or use words in context, both verbally and nonverbally.
  - - - First, students with speech and language impairments have an array of computer software packages available to develop their speech and language skills. An example is First Words, a language program that has a number of applications for teaching those who are developing or reacquiring language functions. The program uses graphic presentations combined with synthesized speech to teach high-frequency nouns, and is one of many software packages that can help develop both speech and language.
      - Secondly, students with speech and language impairments may use augmentative or alternative communication (AAC). AAC is the use of symbols, aids, strategies, and techniques to enhance the communication process. This includes sign language and various communication boards, both manual and electronic, that are used by individuals with impaired oral motor skills.The most basic AAC devices are non-electronic communication boards.
  - - - This may include corrective measures, helping with speech and language exercises, and providing the student with immediate feedback when the speech-language pathologist is not present. The general education and special education teacher should both collaborate with the speech-language pathologist for interventions and teaching strategies.
    - - Helping children with articulation disorders to learn proper production of speech sounds. Helping children who stutter to speak more fluently. Assisting children with voice disorders to improve their voice quality. Helping individuals with aphasia to relearn speech and language skills. Assisting individuals who have difficulty swallowing as a result of illness, surgery, stroke, or injury. Evaluating, selecting, and developing augmentative and alternative communication systems. Enhancing communication effectiveness
- - - - Abnormality/damage to the brain,spinal cord or nervous system. At or before birth.
        
        2 types
        
        :star:Cerebral palsy = group or disorders affecting movement, muscle tone, posture.
        Caused by = abnormality/disruption in brain development
        ("Cerebral palsy: Symptoms & causes", 2020)
        
        4 comon types of CP
        
        1Spastic - tight or stiff muscles, uncoordinated movments
        
        2Athetoid - contorted, purposeless, abnormal movements
        
        3Ataxic - poor balance, uncoordinated voluntary movements
        
        4Mixed - any combination of types
        
        :star:Spina bifida = developmental defect of spinal column
    - - Various diseases affecting motor development
        
        Common type : Muscular dystrophy = progressive muscle weakness from muscle fiber degeneration
    - - Various conditions with different levels of physical limits
        
        Examples: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, limb deficiency
  - - - :star:Orthopedic impairments : No cognitive, perceptual, language, sensory, learning issues.
      - :star:Neuromotor impairment: Higher additional impairment, especially with brain defects
  - - - Seating arrangements to support posture and movement
      - Instruction with focus on fine & gross motor skills
      - Use augmentative communication
      - Use assistive devices
      - Teacher to be aware of medical conditons and plan accordingly
    - - Physical Therapists (gross motor skills)
      - Occupational Therapists (fine motor skills)
      - Speech-Language Pathologists
      - Adapted Physical Education Teachers
      - Other Therapist - Massage, Music etc
  - - - :star:1Devices to access information
        
        Speech recognition software
        
        Academic software for disabled students
        
        Screen reading software
        
        Augmentative, alternative communication devices (communication boards)
      - :star:2,3 Devices for Positioning & Mobility
        
        Canes
        
        Walkers
        
        Crutches
        
        Wheelchairs
        
        Specialized exercise equipment
        
        Specialized chairs, tables, desks for posture development
- - - - There are devices that can be used by ADHD/ADD students to help them remember they have to do their school work or be a reminder that they should be focusing on their work.
    - - A student that suffers from ADHD/ADD might have trouble sitting down and writing. A speech recognition software will inable the student to say what he wants to say and the software will encode it into print for the student.
    - - Many students might have a problem with numbers and that could make a student frustrated and damper their learning ability. A talking calculater would help the student hear the number and better understand the math problem.
    - - ADHD/ADD students might find it hard to sit down and read a book. Using an app like 'Audible' where the student can listen to the book and not have to read will be a great help.
  - - - Types of Other health impairments :star:
        
        Diabetes
        
        Low incidence
        
        Epilepsy
        
        Low incidence
        
        A heart condition
        
        Low incidence
        
        Tourette syndrome
        
        Low incidence
        
        Hemophilia
        
        Low incidence
        
        Attention deficit disorder(ADD)/ attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
        
        :star:This is the most common Health impairment :star:
        
        ADHD/ADD students are most likely to be impacted negatively
        when it comes to education by their condition; students with epilepsy, asthma and other conditions in the other health impairment category may have little or no adverse impact on their educational performance when their conditions are properly medicated.
        
        High incidence
        
        Lead poisoning
        
        Low incidence
        
        Asthma
        
        High incidence
        
        Leukemia
        
        Low incidence
        
        Nephritis
        
        Low incidence
        
        Rheumatic fever
        
        Low incidence
        
        Sickle cell anemia
        
        Low incidence
- - - - :check:Facilitation of independence - With the help of AT a student will find ways of doing things on their own rather than needing assistance.
        
        :check:Enhanced social interactions - Using AT devices students/ children will find more ways to communicate and socially interact.
        
        :check: Increased motivation and self-esteem - As the student gets more comfortable using the AT devices he/she will feel that they are finally achieving their goals and they are able to do more things despite their disability.
        
        :check: Make choices and direct one’s own care with the use of augmented or alternative communication
    - - 3- Assistive Listening Systems (helps students who are deaf or hard of hearing, as well as those with other auditory and learning problems)
        
        FM Systems
        
        Sound-Field Systems
      - 1 - Text-To-Speech Assistive Tools ((TTS) software is designed to help children who have difficulties reading standard print)
        
        Kurzweil 3000
      - 2- Low-Tech Handouts (Graphic organizers do not need to be technologically advanced)
        
        Draft:Builder
      - 4- Sip-and-Puff Systems (These systems allow for control of a computer, mobile device or some other technological application by the child moving the device with his or her mouth)
        
        Jouse3
        
        Sip-and-Puff Systems From Origin Instruments
      - 5- Proofreading Software ( it does more than just the normal proofreading software it also corrects words frequently misspelled by students with dyslexia)
        
        Ginger
        
        Ghotit
      - 6 - Math Tools
        
        MathTalk
        
        MathTalk example
        
        Math Simulations
  - - - Effective strategies for working with paraprpfessionals
    - - Help with planning
    - - Effective strategies
    - - Information about Supports, Modifications, and Accommodations for Students
    - - More information
    - - To help get textbooks
- - - - Limitations in intellectual functioning
        
        These include: memory recall, task and skill generalization, motivation, problem-solving, setting goals, making choices.
      - Limitations in Adaptive Behaviors
        
        These include: conceptual skills, social skills and practical skills
      - IQ of 70 or below
      - Often no specific known cause
      - Mildly disabled, will have delays in cognitive, social and adaptive behaviors in the classroom, but in different settings may function well
  - - - Literacy software is universal and it provides direct instruction for decoding and understanding
      - Teacher can adjust curriculum according to the needs of the student
  - - - Scaffolding strategy from personal chart
- - - - :red_cross:Funding issues - AT devices are expensive and sometimes there is a lack of funds to obtain the necessary funds.
        
        :red_cross:Equipment issues - Issues of the AT equipment that has been noted are things like: difficulties accessing the equipment, criticism of the design and features of specific
        equipment, and problems in the use and maintenance of equipment
        
        :red_cross:Time constraints - All of the difficulties mentioned above is a contributing factor that takes time to correct .