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Relat*ve clauses - Coggle Diagram
Relat*ve clauses
Relative clauses
form and use
- are subordinate clauses introduced by relative pronouns (that, which, who...) which is the subject or object of the relative clause
- give information about someone or smth in the main clause.
:warning: It's unnecessary to repeat the noun from the main clause or introduce a personal pronoun to replace it.
:check: put the relative clause as close as possible to the noun it refers to.
:warning: prefer to avoid relative clauses in casual speech and writing.
- I used to live in one of those houses. They have now been demolished.
I used(main clause) to live in one of those houses that have now been demolished. (relative clause)
- I used to lie in one of those houses that they have now been demolished. (NOT CORRECT)
- Jack has prepared his favourite dish from Jamine Smith's recipe book, which he is about to eat.
Jack has prepared his favourite dish, which he is about to eat, from Jamie Smoth's recipe book.
- People who came from Wales are often quite musical. (rel. clause)
Welsh people are often quite musical. (adjective)
People from Wales are often quite musical. (prepositional phrase)
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Subjects and objects
- a relative pronoun can be
:check: the subject of a relative clause.
:check: object of a relative clause
:warning: in defining relative clauses we can omit the realtive pronoun when it's the object of the relative clause, but not when it's the subject.
Last week I saw that film which(subject relative pronoun) won all the Oscars. ()
Last week I saw the film which (object relative pronoun) you made at college.
Last week I saw the film you made at college.
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Punctuation and pausing
- in non-defining relatives we use commas to separate the relative clause from the main clause
- in difining relative there is no pause btw the main clause and the relative clause.
:check: in non-defining relatives there is a short pause after the main clause or btw the two parts of the main clause.
- The tribespeople, who traded with the settlers, retained their land.
(All of the tribespeople retained their land, and, incidentally, they traded with the settlers.)
The tribespeople who traded with the settlers retained their land. (Only some of the tribespeople retained their land - this defines a group)
- We asked for the double room which had a sea view.
- We were given a lovely double room ( ), which had a sea view.
I first met Harry Gardiner ( ), who eventually became my father-in-love ( ), at a Law Society meeting.
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Reduced relative clauses
- We often reduce a relative clause i.e we shorten it by omitting pronoun and verb.
We can do it with the help of
:check: participle phrases.
:check: use infinitive phrase
Marilyn was the women living in the flat underneath us at the time. ( = ... who lived/was living in...)
The clauses struck out of the agreement were all unimportant. (=...which were struck out/which we struck out...)
Newton was the first person to really understand the laws of gravity. (= who really understood...)
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