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Charts, graphs, and tables Cause and Effect - Coggle Diagram
Charts, graphs, and tables
Cause and Effect
Charts
Common charts
Bar chart
a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. The first known bar charts are usually attributed to Nicole Oresme, Joseph Priestley, and William Playfair.
Pie chart
shows percentage values as a slice of a pie; first introduced by William Playfair.
Histogram
consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to the frequency of the observations in the interval; first introduced by Karl Pearson.
Line chart
a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order. The first known line charts are usually credited to Francis Hauksbee, Nicolaus Samuel Cruquius, Johann Heinrich Lambert and William Playfair.
Less-common charts
Waterfall chart
a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point.
Radar chart
also known as a "Walk" chart, is a special type of floating-column chart.
Polar area diagram
sometimes called a Coxcomb chart, is an enhanced form of pie chart developed by Florence Nightingale.
Tree map
where the areas of the rectangles correspond to values. Other dimensions can be represented with colour or hue.
Bubble chart
a two-dimensional scatterplot where a third variable is represented by the size of the points.
Streamgraph
a stacked, curvilinear area graph displaced around a central axis
Gap Chart
a time series chart showing evolving gaps and equalities between series. Other dimensions can be represented with color or hue.
What are Charts?
A chart is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of quality structure and provides different info.
Features of a chart
A chart can take a large variety of forms, however there are common features that provide the chart with its ability to extract meaning from data. Typically the data in a chart is represented graphically, since humans are generally able to infer meaning from pictures quicker than from text. Text is generally used only to annotate the data.
Graphs
Bar Graphs
are the best types of graphs for presenting a single data series. Bar charts have a much heavier weight to them than line graphs do, so they really emphasize a point and stand out on the page.
Combo Chart
is the above two types of graphs can be combined to create a combo chart with bars and lines. This is very useful when presenting two data series that have a very different scale and might be expressed in different units. The most common example is dollars on one axis and percentage on the other axis.
Line Graphs
is the most common, simplest, and classic type of chart graph is the line graph. This is the perfect solution for showing multiple series of closely related series of data. Since line graphs are very light-weight (they only consist of lines, as opposed to more complex chart types, as shown further below), they are great for a minimalistic look.
Scatterplot
is excellent for showing the relationship between two data series and determining their correlation. The scatterplot is great for showing what a distribution of data points looks like and for drawing a line of best fit for regression analysis.
tables
What is tables?
A table is an arrangement of information in rows and columns containing cells that make comparing and contrasting information easier. As you can see in the following example, the data are much easier to read than they would be in a list containing that same data.
Example table in HTML
Example of the same data in a list
Name, Date of Birth, Phone
Bob Smith,01-05-65,555-123-4567
Joe Smith, 09-10-79,555-801-9876
Jane Doe,07-20-70,555-232-1818
Tables in a database
In a database, a table consists of columns and rows of data, much like an Excel spreadsheet. It is often referenced by software programs and web pages, to store and retrieve data for users. There are multiple types of databases, but the structure of a table in each database type is mostly the same.
Cause and Effect
Examples of Cause and Effect
• We received seven inches of rain in four hours. - The underpass was flooded.
• I never brush my teeth. - I have 5 cavities.
• Smoking cigarettes - Lung cancer
• Many buffalo were killed. - Buffalo almost became extinct.
• The streets were snow-packed and icy. - Cars needed more time to stop.
What are cause and effect?
A cause-effect relationship is a relationship in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect). One cause can have several effects.
Cause and Effect Examples in Sentences
• When water is heated, the molecules move quickly, therefore the water boils.
• A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to find another place to live.
• Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
• The moon has gravitational pull, consequently the oceans have tides.
• Since school was canceled, we went to the mall.
