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Chapter 7: Using Light to Make Food, Alteration of chromosomes structure…
Chapter 7: Using Light to Make Food
C3 : Photorespiration -take O2
Alteration of chromosomes structure can cause birth defects and cancer
deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
Cell Division and Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Prokaryotes cells
binary fission
Eukaryotic cells
Sexual reproduction
Chromatin
Chromosomes
autosomes
sex chromosones -X,Y
homologous chromosomes
loci
Meiosis
Interphase
G1,S,G2
Meisosis I
Prophase 1-Crossing over
Metaphase I: Independent assortment
Antaphase I
Telophase I: 2 pairs of sister chromatids
Meisosis II
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Intervention: Karyotype
gamte
DNA
Mitosis
Interphase
G1
S: DNA synthesis :sister chromatids
G2
G2 checkpoint
centrosomes
G1 checkpoint
Prophase: breaking nucleic
Metaphase
Antaphase
tentophase=cytokinese= 2 cells
cleavage furrow
chromosomes are pulled aparert
chromosomes are lined up in the middle
mitotic spindle forms 2 centrosomes
Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes
Trisomy
down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
turner syndrome
Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
Mental's Law
True breeding-Homozygote
Hybrids
Genetic cross
hybridization
Heredity
Genetics
Dominant :Gg, GG
Recessive:gg
pedigree
alleles
Homozygous :GG/gg
Heterozygous Gg
Punnet spare
Genotype
Phenotype
loci
Link genes
Inherited
Sex linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance
Not linked :Not inherited
Monnohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Rule of probability
Multiple "And "
addition "Or"
Variations on Mentel's Law
Incomplete dominance
Many genes have more than two alleles that may be codominnace
AB blood type
A single gene may affect many phenotypic character
Pleiotropy
hemoglobin
a homozygous sickle-cell individual
Multieffects
Damage to organs
Kidney failure
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other effects
Pain and fever
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Chrossing over produce combinations of alleles
Genectic use cross over data to map genes
Ancient roots /Hippocrates idea of pangenes
Human sex-linked disorders affect mostly males
Human male is produced by Y chromosome
Autotrophs :Making their own food
Plant
Mesophyll
Stomata
Chloroplast
Stoma : get CO2, release O2
Grannum
Photosystem I
Wavelength
:fire:
Electromagnetic
Make ATP
Photosystem II
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NADHP
ATP+NADHP
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Thylakoids
Thylakoid space
Sunlight
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Chlorophyll: light absort, converting solar energy to chemical energy
Photon
Photoautotrophs: Produces food to biosphere
Cell division
Vesicle
Cell plate
New cell wall
2 daughter cells
Heterottophs
Decomposers
Dry and hot climates
C4 plants -Spatial seperation w/bundle-sheath-cells
CAM plants-Temporal separation
Growth factors
density-dependent
signal the cell control system
lump
tumors
malignant
metastasis
chemotherapy
oncologists
Anchorage
Nondisjunction -members of chromosomes pair fail to separate
antaphase I
antaphase II
*The Calvin Cycle: making Glucose
Rubisco
Synaptonemal complex and synapsis
Chiasmata
changes in somatic do not influence gametes
not right
Single gene
inherited traits
Dominant 3 # common-wild type
Polydactyly
adchondropplasia
huntington's
hypercholesterolemia
Recessive
cystic fibrosis
Albisism
Phenylktonuria
Taay-Sachs
New technologies is provided insight into one's genotic
Genetic testing
amniocentesis
Chrorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Blood tests
Ultrasound
Fetoscopy
Newborn screening
Many genes affect a single character
Polygenic inheritance
Hunman's skin color
Human's height
Yen Kemna
Biology 160
Histone
H2O
chapter 8:The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance
crossing over
abnormal of number chromosomes: polyploid-extra chromosomes
Testcross
Chromosomes determines sex in many species