Categorised by GNI (Gross National Income per capita) developed by the World Bank

Higher levels of poverty than high income, lower levels than low income

Higher levels of poverty than high income, lower levels than low income

Reflect aspects of both low and high income countries in terms of trade. They are in a transition period with increasing trade opportunities and growing economies

Reflect aspects of both low and high income countries in terms of trade. They are in a transition period with increasing trade opportunities and growing economies

Limited range means it can be severely affected by natural disasters like drought, making global trade even more difficult

In process of developing infrastructure and building trading links

In process of developing infrastructure and building trading links

Developed social security systems, relatively stable political systems

Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens

Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens

Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens

More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources

More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources

More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources

Define sustainability: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs

Indicators: Mean years of schooling (average no, of years in school for people aged 25 and over), expected years of schooling (expected years of schooling for children of school entry age)

Lead PRODUCTIVE and creative lives according to their needs and interests

Provides a single statistic based on four indicators and three dimensions, making comparison easier

Only reflects selected aspects of human development, doesn't include things such as gender equality or freedom of speech

Based on averages, doesn't provide indication of inequalities that exist within countries

Survey data is not collected in the HDI, people's feelings about their lives and communities not reflected

Access to essentials such as housing, food, and basic healthcare. E.g. Centrelink

Better represent minorities in politics such as women or Indigenous populations

Range prevents economic catastrophe when a specific industry is interrupted e.g. agriculture interrupted by drought

More jobs required as population grows, industries need to continue to evolve

Sustained growth in GNI per capita to counter inflation and so governments can keep providing services and infrastructure

Cannot be done where future generations' ability to sustain economic growth is compromised e.g. depleting natural resources such as coal where it won't be available in the future

Reducing unfair trade e.g. Fairtrade creating decent working conditions and fair prices for producers in low or middle income countries

An imbalance in ecosystem due to extinction of a vital species could lead to things like food insecurity for humans e.g. bees pollinating plants that humans rely on for food

Sustainable use of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind, timber where the rate of usage matches or is less than the rate of regeneration

Non-renewable resources do not regenerate very quickly e.g. fossil fuels and will eventually run out, future generations will not be able to use

Minimising helps stabilise weather and rainfall patterns, sea levels stop rising, communicable disease rates decrease, ecosystems can be maintained

PARTICIPATE in the decisions that affect their lives and the community

Have access to resources in order to experience a DECENT standard of living

Low income countries tend to lack adequate infrastructure to provide safe, clean water to those who need it, leading to higher rates of waterborne disease such as dysentery and cholera compared to high income countries such as Australia

In low income countries, more time is spent in ill health or collecting water from distances via walking as a result of lack of access, therefore less time spent in school for children and work or education for women. Long distances could lead to musculoskeletal conditions

Stagnant water is an ideal breeding ground for malaria carrying mosquitoes, disease is more prevalent in low income as a result

Inadequate facilities like toilets available for disposal of human faeces and urine in many low and middle income countries. People defecate in the open in places like gutters or near open bodies of water which contaminates water utilised for consumption. This can lead to diseases like cholera as a result

Few schools in low and middle income countries have toilets, so many girls don't attend, especially when menstruating. Due to lack of private toilets, girls are expected to wait until it's dark before relieving themselves which can be a risk to harassment, assault or animal attacks

Low income countries have a lower GNI than middle and high income countries and therefore poverty is more prevalent and governments have less available funds to spend on improving infrastructure such as schools for education, or services such as sanitation, safe water, health services, and social protection measures (pensions, welfare, disability payments). This can lead to increased rates of communicable diseases or injury compared to high income countries

However, GNI doesn't indicate distribution of wealth in a country so low and middle income countries can still have few very wealthy people who are more likely to suffer from non-communicable diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This contributes to a double burden of disease in low and middle income countries

Poor ventilation leads to increase rates of respiratory conditions such as asthma

Tax on cigarettes is non-existent in many low and middle income countries, you can purchase individual cigarettes too (cheaper)

Higher rates of smoking in many low and middle income countries is contributing to an increased BOD, particularly YLL. Many are due to cancer (lung), cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, lack of oxygen in blood), respiratory conditions (asthma)

Indirectly: scarce financial resources, money spent on tobacco may therefore mean there is less available for food, clothes, shelter, healthcare. Increased risk of disease not directly related to tobacco use, such as communicable disease like measles

Low and middle income often have less education, campaigns, road laws and healthcare services related to alcohol consumption

Excessive drinking leads to increased rates of liver disease, stomach cancer. Money spent on alcohol indirectly impacts like tobacco does

Any food items that have been deliberately changed before being ready for consumption. Many are healthy to consume regularly (frozen veggies, canned fruit), many aren't (added salts, sugars)

Neglect of traditional foods, that are often low in fat, for westernised foods that are high in saturated fats, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy dense diet. This leads to higher incidence of increase in obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis. Contributes to double burden of disease.

Define: A global trend is a pattern of social, environmental and economic activity that will have an affect at some stage in the future and require action to be taken on a global scale