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Health and Human Development Unit 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Economic
        
        Low levels of poverty
        
        Wide range of industries
        
        High opportunities for global trade
        
        High knowledge and experience with global trade
        
        High levels of infrastructure
      - Social
        
        High levels of gender equality
        
        Low birth rates
        
        High rates of education and employment
        
        Governments contribute funds for schooling
        
        Developed social security systems, relatively stable political systems
        
        Developed health system
        
        Access to public healthcare
        
        Strong political and legal system
      - Environmental
        
        Safe water and sanitation
        
        High levels of food security
        
        High levels of adequate housing
        
        Greater amounts of CO2 emissions
    - - Upper middle
        
        Economic
        
        Higher levels of poverty than high income, lower levels than low income
        
        Reflect aspects of both low and high income countries in terms of trade. They are in a transition period with increasing trade opportunities and growing economies
        
        In process of developing infrastructure and building trading links
        
        Social
        
        Achieving greater gender equality
        
        Birth rates lower than low income, higher than high income
        
        Higher education and employment rates
        
        Governments contribute funds for schooling
        
        Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens
        
        Lack access to suitable healthcare
        
        Some have unstable governments, political unrest
        
        Environmental
        
        Many have safe water and sanitation
        
        Increasing levels of food security
        
        Lack access to adequate housing
        
        Urban slums are common
        
        More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources
      - Lower middle
        
        Economic
        
        Higher levels of poverty than high income, lower levels than low income
        
        Reflect aspects of both low and high income countries in terms of trade. They are in a transition period with increasing trade opportunities and growing economies
        
        In process of developing infrastructure and building trading links
        
        Social
        
        Achieving greater gender equality
        
        Birth rates lower than low income, higher than high income
        
        Higher education and employment rates
        
        Governments contribute funds for schooling
        
        Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens
        
        Lack access to suitable healthcare
        
        Some have unstable governments, political unrest
        
        Environmental
        
        Many have safe water and sanitation
        
        Increasing levels of food security
        
        Lack access to adequate housing
        
        Urban slums are common
        
        More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources
    - - Economic
        
        High levels of poverty
        
        Limited range of industries, mainly focused on agriculture and farming
        
        Limited range means it can be severely affected by natural disasters like drought, making global trade even more difficult
        
        Low opportunities for global trade
        
        Low levels of infrastructure
      - Social
        
        Low levels of gender equality
        
        High birth rates
        
        Low education and employment rates
        
        Families must pay for children to attend school
        
        Low social security systems, do not have means to assist citizens
        
        Lack access to suitable healthcare
        
        Unstable governments, political unrest
      - Environmental
        
        Low levels of sanitation, limited or no access to safe water
        
        Lack food security
        
        Lack access to adequate housing
        
        Urban slums are common
        
        More heavily impacted by climate change due to lack of economic resources
  - - - Ensuring natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
        
        Climate change
        
        Minimising helps stabilise weather and rainfall patterns, sea levels stop rising, communicable disease rates decrease, ecosystems can be maintained
        
        Biodiversity
        
        Variety of all forms of life and the ecosystems they make up
        
        An imbalance in ecosystem due to extinction of a vital species could lead to things like food insecurity for humans e.g. bees pollinating plants that humans rely on for food
        
        Use of natural resources
        
        Sustainable use of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind, timber where the rate of usage matches or is less than the rate of regeneration
        
        Non-renewable resources do not regenerate very quickly e.g. fossil fuels and will eventually run out, future generations will not be able to use
        
        Waste removal and pollution
        
        Minimising and treating waste where possible to reduce impacts on environment
        
        Reduce disease risk
        
        Nutrient rich soil
        
        Safe, clean water
    - - Ensuring average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and increase in the cost of living
        
        Job creation
        
        People earn a wage and contribute to country's economy
        
        More jobs required as population grows, industries need to continue to evolve
        
        Trade
        
        Reducing unfair trade e.g. Fairtrade creating decent working conditions and fair prices for producers in low or middle income countries
        
        Innovation and diversity of industries
        
        Range prevents economic catastrophe when a specific industry is interrupted e.g. agriculture interrupted by drought
        
        Economic growth
        
        Sustained growth in GNI per capita to counter inflation and so governments can keep providing services and infrastructure
        
        Cannot be done where future generations' ability to sustain economic growth is compromised e.g. depleting natural resources such as coal where it won't be available in the future
    - - Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
        
        Gender equality
        
        Eliminating discrimination and violence against women
        
        Peace and security
        
        Reduction of conflict and/or war
        
        Elimination of poverty and provision of social protection systems
        
        Access to essentials such as housing, food, and basic healthcare. E.g. Centrelink
        
        Promotion of political and legal rights
        
        Better represent minorities in politics such as women or Indigenous populations
        
        Access to safe and decent working conditions
  - - - Low income countries tend to lack adequate infrastructure to provide safe, clean water to those who need it, leading to higher rates of waterborne disease such as dysentery and cholera compared to high income countries such as Australia
      - In low income countries, more time is spent in ill health or collecting water from distances via walking as a result of lack of access, therefore less time spent in school for children and work or education for women. Long distances could lead to musculoskeletal conditions
      - Stagnant water is an ideal breeding ground for malaria carrying mosquitoes, disease is more prevalent in low income as a result
    - - Inadequate facilities like toilets available for disposal of human faeces and urine in many low and middle income countries. People defecate in the open in places like gutters or near open bodies of water which contaminates water utilised for consumption. This can lead to diseases like cholera as a result
      - Few schools in low and middle income countries have toilets, so many girls don't attend, especially when menstruating. Due to lack of private toilets, girls are expected to wait until it's dark before relieving themselves which can be a risk to harassment, assault or animal attacks
    - - Low income countries have a lower GNI than middle and high income countries and therefore poverty is more prevalent and governments have less available funds to spend on improving infrastructure such as schools for education, or services such as sanitation, safe water, health services, and social protection measures (pensions, welfare, disability payments). This can lead to increased rates of communicable diseases or injury compared to high income countries
      - However, GNI doesn't indicate distribution of wealth in a country so low and middle income countries can still have few very wealthy people who are more likely to suffer from non-communicable diseases such as cancers, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This contributes to a double burden of disease in low and middle income countries
      - Lack of access to nutritious food and adequate housing, more common in low income
        
        Poor ventilation leads to increase rates of respiratory conditions such as asthma
    - - Race
      - Religion
      - Gender
      - Sexuality
      - Sex
    - - Tobacco
        
        Tax on cigarettes is non-existent in many low and middle income countries, you can purchase individual cigarettes too (cheaper)
        
        Higher rates of smoking in many low and middle income countries is contributing to an increased BOD, particularly YLL. Many are due to cancer (lung), cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, lack of oxygen in blood), respiratory conditions (asthma)
        
        Indirectly: scarce financial resources, money spent on tobacco may therefore mean there is less available for food, clothes, shelter, healthcare. Increased risk of disease not directly related to tobacco use, such as communicable disease like measles
      - Alcohol
        
        Low and middle income often have less education, campaigns, road laws and healthcare services related to alcohol consumption
        
        Excessive drinking leads to increased rates of liver disease, stomach cancer. Money spent on alcohol indirectly impacts like tobacco does
      - Processed foods
        
        Any food items that have been deliberately changed before being ready for consumption. Many are healthy to consume regularly (frozen veggies, canned fruit), many aren't (added salts, sugars)
        
        Neglect of traditional foods, that are often low in fat, for westernised foods that are high in saturated fats, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy dense diet. This leads to higher incidence of increase in obesity, hypertension, atherosclerosis. Contributes to double burden of disease.
  - - - Dimensions
        
        A long a healthy life
        
        Indicator: GNI per capita
        
        Knowledge
        
        Indicators: Mean years of schooling (average no, of years in school for people aged 25 and over), expected years of schooling (expected years of schooling for children of school entry age)
        
        A decent standard of living
        
        Indicator: Life expectancy at birth
      - Advantages
        
        Takes more than just average incomes into account
        
        Provides a single statistic based on four indicators and three dimensions, making comparison easier
        
        Effective for analysing overall progress of countries
      - Limitations
        
        Only reflects selected aspects of human development, doesn't include things such as gender equality or freedom of speech
        
        Based on averages, doesn't provide indication of inequalities that exist within countries
        
        Survey data is not collected in the HDI, people's feelings about their lives and communities not reflected
    - - PPPCCKHD
        
        Lead PRODUCTIVE and creative lives according to their needs and interests
        
        PARTICIPATE in the decisions that affect their lives and the community
        
        Develop to their full POTENTIAL
        
        Expand their CHOICES
        
        Enhance their CAPABILITIES
        
        Access to KNOWLEDGE
        
        Access to HEALTH and lead a long and HEALTHY life
        
        Have access to resources in order to experience a DECENT standard of living
  - - - Rising sea levels as a result of expansion of water as it warms and increase in volume from melting of ice glaciers
        
        Biodiversity
        
        Coastal areas
        
        Fresh water availability
        
        Food availability
      - Changes in weather patterns and extreme weather
    - - Challenges
    - - Challenges
- - - - Important because: lack of income leads to lack of resources and infrastructure (food, shelter, clothing, healthcare). Lack of income reduces ability for countries to economically develop which leads to a lower HD
      - Aims to ensure no person is living on $1.90 USD a day by 2030
      - Aims to halve the number of men, women and children living in poverty by 2030
      - Building resilience of those in vulnerable situations and reducing exposure to natural disasters that may result in poverty by 2030
  - - - Important because: high mortality rates, particularly for children, as a result of millions suffering chronic hunger and malnutrition
      - Aims to end all forms of malnutrition and hunger by 2030 by ensuring all people, especially children, pregnant women and vulnerable individuals, have access to adequate, safe and nutritious food
  - - - The maternal mother has a 5-year-old daughter who is very communicative towards her very uncommunicative cat who has left a substance on the road that will be hard to reproduce as it isn't universally covered by health and could end up being a harmful chemical or pollutant.
      - Tobacco wouldn't make a very good vaccine or medicine so it wouldn't support the healthcare workforce or act as a warning system for global health risks.
  - - - Service access and quality
        
        Provide all people everywhere access to essential healthcare, meet main health and wellbeing needs
      - Health workforce
        
        Sufficient, trained, provide to everyone's needs
      - Access to medicines, vaccines and health products
        
        Safe, effective, essential medicines and vaccines (meet main needs of population)
      - Governance and finance
        
        WHO works with countries to strengthen government capacity to provide a health system, policies, services and funding
      - Health information systems
        
        WHO works with countries to provide health information systems, helps to assess health system performance
      - Advocacy
        
        WHO provides leadership by increasing global awareness and benefits of universal health coverage
      - Country support
        
        WHO works with countries to support them on all levels in meeting health priorities
    - - Improving human capital across the lifespan
        
        Focus on early childhood, child and adolescent health and development
        
        Focus on family planning, pregnancy and childbirth
      - Accelerating action on preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting mental health
        
        Alcohol, tobacco, diet, exercise
        
        Access to effective treatment
        
        Road accidents, traffic
      - Accelerating elimination and eradication of high impact communicable diseases
        
        2030 target of ending AIDS, TB malaria etc.
      - Tackling antimicrobial resistance
        
        Increase awareness and understanding of misuse or overuse of anitmicrobials
      - Addressing health effects of climate change in small island developing States and other vulnerable States
        
        WHO works to prevent pollution based disease, support small island developing states with resilient health systems to extreme weather
    - - Building capacity to keep world safe from epidemics and health emergencies
      - Quick access to essential health services during health emergencies