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Helminth - Coggle Diagram
Helminth
Nematods
Intro
complete digestive tract w oral & anal opening
Male smaller , female larger (size)
bilateral symmetry
Life cycle - 4 larva stage & adult stage
Hookworm(necator americanus)
About
larva penetration tru skin cause pruritis
respiratory symptom (pulmonary migration)
adult worm
blood loss
intestinal necrosis
acute infection
vomit
abdominal pain
nausea
diarrhea
increase wbc
death child
heavy infection
iron deficit
Diagnosis (sample stool)
ova
adult worm(has mouth hook)
life cycle
Rhabditiform larvae
Filariform larvae
Eggs
Treatment
albendazole
mebendazole
Prevention
Proper sanitation
Avoid walking barefoot
Maintain good hygiene
Whipworm(Trichuris trichiura)
About
usually light -> moderate
Heavy infestation
abdominal cramps
dysentery (blood diarrhea)
prolapsed rectum
damage intestinal mucosa
tenesmus (diff in defec)
Diagnosis
ova (stool)
adult rare seen (embedded in mucosa)
Life cycle
Eggs
Larvae
Adult worm
Prevention
Proper sanitation
good hygiene
avoid feces contaminated
Treatment
Mebendezole
albendazole
Roundworm(Ascaris lumbricoides)
Infection
symptom of pneumonitis
cough
fever
adult worm
blockage
vomit
abdominal pain
Heavy infection
malnutrition(child)
About
Female worn can produce 200k egg/day
largest intestinal nematodes
Diagnosis
ova
stool
Adult worm
Vomit
stool
Treatment
mebendazole
nitazoxanide
albendazole
Prevention
personal hygiene
good sanitation
avoid using human feces as fertilizer
Pinworm(Enterobius vermicularis)
About
Usually asymptomatic
symptom
severe scratching
bacterial infection
anorexia
irritability
abdominal pain
Diagnosis
ova {perianal area}
stool sample
Life cycle
Egg
Larva
Adult worm
Treatment
pyrantel pamoate
Prevention
Personal hygiene
drug regiment
Lymphatic (Brugia& Wuuchereria)
Life cycle
Microfilaria
Larva L1-L3
Adult worm
Egg
Resevoir
Domestic cats
buffalo
human
Disease
Asymptomatic
Symptoms
Nocturnal cough
wheezing
fever
Increase wbc
lymphatic dysfx
elephantiasis
lymphoedema
Diagnosis
Blood sample
Time BS (periodicity of microfilariae)
Thick smear
Hematoxylin
eosin
Prevention
no vaccine available
mass drug regimen
Treatment
Anti filarial drug
inermectin
Albendazole
Control method
avoid bites
wear protective cloth
reduction of vector site
Trematodes
Blood flukes(Schistosoma mansonii)
About
have both sexes
Adult remain in copula
required host to complete life cycle
infection require penetration tru skin
infection
ulceration(intestinal wall)
enlargement of liver w fibrosis
Diagnosis from stool sample
manifestation
fever
cough
abdominal pain
diarrhea
eosinophilia
life cycle
Miracidia
Sporocyst
Egg
Cercaria
Adult worm
Prevention
Boil drinking water
add iodine not kill all parasites
Water from fresh source stored at least 1-2days for safe use
Treatment
Praziquantel , if not effective use oxamniquine
treat at immature stage worse acute symptom
yearly treatment may necessary
Liver flukes (Fasciola Hepatica/gigantica)
About
sheep liver flukes
parasites of herbivore can effect human
hepatica in area sheep and cattle are raise
Life cycle
Egg
Miracidia
Sporocyst
Rediae
cercariea
metacercariea
Adult
symptom
Chronic
bile obstruction
inflammation
more discrete
Acute
Abdominal pain
hepatomegaly
fever
vomit
diarrhea
diagnosis
egg
recover in stool
Adult
microscopic
Treatment
triclabendazole+bithionol
Prevention
Vegetable properly cook to kill metacercaria
use mollusicide to reduce snails population
Lung flukes (Paragonimus westermanii)
Life cycle
Rediae
Cercariae
Sporocyst
Metacercariae
Miracidia
Adulth
Egg
Symptoms
Acute
fever
cough
abdominal pain
increase wbc
diarrhea
pulmonary abnormalities
Chronic
cough
discoloured sputum
chest abnormal
hemoptysis
Diagosis
microscopic
egg in stool/sputum
Biopsy
Diagnostic confirmation
species identification
treatment
Praziquantel
Bithionol
Prevention
Avoid eat picked crustacean
kill snails
Cook crustacean properly
Intestinal Flukes (Fasciolopsis Buski)
About
area raise pig/consume freshwater plants
largest intestinal flukes
most infection light/asymptomatic
in heavier infection
diarrhea
abdominal pain
fever
ascites
intestinal obstruction
microscopic identification egg in stool/vomit
life cycle
rediae
Sporocyst
Miracidia
Adult
Egg
Cercariea
Metacercariae
treatment
Praziquantel
prevention
Ensure vegetables are properly cooked
mollusicide reduce snail population
Cestodes(Tapeworm)
Intestinal (Tenia)
About
infestation tapeworm(taeniasis)
T asiatica - asian
T saginata - beef
T solium - pig
abdominal irritation w diarrhea
Indigestion
constipation
Diagnose from stool sample
Life cycle
Adult
Cysticerci
Oncosphere
egg
Treatment
1 dose 100% effective
Praziquantel
Niclosamide
Prevention
avoid eat raw meat
Cook meat
Multiple organ (Enchiococcus)
Life cycle
Hydatid cyst
Protoscolex
Oncosphere
Scolex
Egg
Adult
About
E vogeli
polycytic echinococcosis
disease
affect liver
slow growing tumor
secondary cystic development
E granulosus
frequent in rural
from infected animal
Disease
hepatic
bile obstruction
Abdominal pain
Pulmonary
cough
hemoptysis
Chest pain
Rupture cyst
fever
urticaria
Increase wbc
anaphylactic shock
E Multilocularis
alveolar achinoccosis
Disease
liver slow growing
destructive tumor
abdominal pain
bile obstruction
metastatic lesion in lung / brain
Diagnosis
imaging technique
serologic test
ultrasound
treatment
surgery
Drug
albendazole (E granulosus)
Albedazole (E multicularis)