• we use personal pronouns to refer to both ppl and objects:
  ✅ subject pronouns (SP)
  I - you - he - she - it - we - they
  ✅ object pronoun (OP)
  me - you - him - her - it - us - them
  ✅ possessive adjective (Padj)
  my - your - his - her - its - our - their
  ✅ possessive pronouns
  mine - your - his - hers - (no pronoun) - ours - theirs
  ✅ reflexive pronoun (RP)
  myself - yourself/yourselves - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - themselves

• SP instead of a N as the subject of a verb.

• OP instead of a N as a direct or indirect object.

  
  

• Padj + N - to express belonging

• PP instead of Padj + N

• Tom plans to set up a rock museum. He was a founder of Microsoft.
• I met Julian yesterday. I like him, don't you? (d)
  Those books belong to Julian. Can you give them to him?(in)
• Did the neighbour leave that here? It looks like their deckchair.
• No, It's not their deckchair. It's ours!

• English doesn't omit pronouns, especially subject pronouns.
  ⚠ noun + pronoun together as the subject of a verb - not correct.
• we don't use object pronouns in infinitive phrases or relative clauses if the object has already appeared in the same sentence.

• as, than + SP (very formal) / OP (more common) - in comparative patterns.
• as, than + SP + auxiliary verb, modal verb
• OP is usually used in short responses
• It is + SP (formal) / OP (informal)
  ✅ N and Pr or two Pr together, we tend to put the speaker last.
  ✅ Pr (doesn't refer to the speaker) and N, we put the pronoun first.
• Preposition + OP / SP(in informal English - very rare)

• Formal The ski instructor didn't ski any better than I.
  Informal The instructor didn't actually ski any better than me.
• The ski instructor didn't ski as well as I do/did/can.
  Who's there? It's us.
• Formal It is they who asked for music to be turned down.
  Informal It's them who asked for the music to be turned down.
• You and I are both invited to the pro-celebrity golf match.
  Don't you think we should let him and his wife decide when to come.
• They're sending the new consignment over for Tom and me to check

• in some exclamations we modify OP with an adjective
• Peonoun + N to clarify who or what we are referring to.

Look what I've done! Silly me! Lucky old him.
I want you boys to report to the Head after this class!
Then she. Mrs Vincent, got up and asked everyone to leave at once.

• It
  1) to refer to animals, things, ideas, actions, unborn or young baby (if the sex is unknown).
  2) as an 'empty' subject
• he or she
  1) to refer to people, animals (especially domestic pets)
• they
  1) after indefinite pronouns
  ⚠ if we don't know what the gender is we can use he/him/his or she/her/hers or they/them/ther for singular nouns and they/them/ther for plural nouns

• My brother brought her new baby into the shop yesterday. - It's very cute.
• Who can that be at the door? It's my neighbour. He often calls this late.
  It has been sever years since sultry singer Sade was last in the sppotlight.
• We had to take our dog to the vet. He's got ear mites.
• Someone called you from Grant's Garage. Oh, did they leave their name.
• A doctor always makes decisions according to the best of his/her/their knowledge.
• Doctors always make decision according to the best of their knowledge.

• one, ones - to avoid repeating countable nouns.
  ⚠ we don't use one to replace uncountable noun.
  ✅ we can use the/adjective + one/ones
  ⚠ we don't use one/ones when we refer to an item that has previously been defined.
  

• Do you prefer the dark chocolates or the light ones?
• Do you prefer white rice or brown?
• I'd like a loaf of bread. Can you pass me one from the top shelf? (Not a one)
  These are interesting fossil speciments. This is an amazing one.
• I need a drink, a large one. (=any drink)
  Where's my drink? Oh, there it is. (my drink - a definite drink)

• are formed with self/selves.
  ✅ We usually use it when the subject and object are the same person or thing.
  
  • preposition + OP - to refer to the subject when ti's clear who or what it refers to
    preposition + RP - when it's not clear who or what it refers to.
  • V with dependent prepositions + RP - to refer to the subject.
  • as (for), but (for), like, expect (for) + OP/RF to refer to the object

• Quick! The baby's burnt herself!
• Ben treated him to an ince cream. (him = someone else, not Ben)
  Ben treated himself to an ince cream. (himself = Ben)
• Jim emerged from the underground station and looked around him. ( him=Jim)
  Jane was upset. Alexa was really annoyed with her. (Jane)
  Jane was upset. Alexa was really annoyed with herself. (Alexa)

• some verbs take the reflexive in English where it may not seem logical.
  enjoy yourself, help yourself , acquaint yourself (with), behave yourself
• by yourself/himself = alone, without help. we add 'all' or 'by' to emphasise it.
  ⚠ verbs which take a reflexive in other language but don't do in English.
• wash, dress, feel, remember, hurry

Did the children behave themselve while we were out?
Help yourself to the food, won't you? (take as much as you want)
We've decided to go on holiday by ourselves next year.
I don't feel very well today.

• to emphasise the subject or object of a sentence.
  
  • subject/object, auxiliary, verb + Pr
  • at the end of the sentence.
  • at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, separated by a comma with the meaning ' as far as I concerned'.
    

• each other usually refers to two subjects (Inf Eng)
• one another refers to more than two (inf Englis)

• Steve and Elaine blamed only themselves for the break-up of their marriage. (they both blamed the two of them and nobody else)
  Steve and Elaine blamed eacj other for the break-up of their marriage. (Steve blamed Elaine and Elaine blamed Steve)
• He spokes fasst and his words tumbled out, tripping over each other/ one another.
• We'll see each other aat the fountain at half past one tomorrow.

• to express general feelings and opinions (not necessarily those of the speaker)
• if we wish you include ourselves, it's better to use we/they
• we also use they to refer to ppl in authority

• to mean people generally including ourselves (formal English)
  ⚠ one = I - is considered unnecessarily formal
  ❎ US English prefers you.
• is used as a subject, object, reflexive pronoun.

• One can sympathise with the sentiments behind the actions of the strikers.
• One would like to attend the ceremony, but one is too busy.
• One tends to learn to fend for oneself if one lives alone.

• You can wear whatever you like to go to the theatre.
• We can wear whatever we like to go to the theatre.
• They behave really badly at football matches nowadays.
• Did you know they've put the parking charges if one lives alone.

• person - object - place - manner
  someone/body - something - somewhere - somehow
  anyone/body - anything - anywhere - anyhow
  everyone/body - everything - everywhere
  no one/body - nothing - nowhere
  ✅ no one - words; nobody - one word
  ✅: we use some compounds when we are thinking of a particulat unspecified person, place, thing.
  we use any compounds when we are thinking of ppl, places or things in general
  ⚠ any + one/thing/where is not negative, it means ' it it doesn't matter who/ what/ where'.
  ✅ as subject they take singular verb
  ✅ we can use them with modifiers.