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Biological Molecules, protein 2, Group: Malena Dodds, Catalina Bru,…

- - - - 1 gr of fat gives about 39kj of energy
  - - - Phospholipids
        
        Glycerol
        
        2 Fatty acids
      - Waxes
        
        Repel water
        
        Non-polar
      - Triglycerides
        
        Glycerol
        
        3 Fatty acids
      - Steroids
        
        Four rings of carbon atoms
  - - - cell membranes, cholesterol, blood cells, in the brain.
- - - - Amino acids joined together in any order to make protein molecules
    - - carbon
      - hydrogen
      - oxigen
      - nitrogen
      - sulfur
  - - - Collagen
      - Coronin
      - Dystrophin
      - Actin
      - Fibronectin
      - Enzymes are proteins
  - - - Cell membrane, control movement of substances during active transport
      - Enzymes during photosynthesis respiration and digestion
      - Hormones like insulin, estrogen and testosterone.
      - In the immune system, making antibodies, repairing damage parts of the body and fighting infections.
- - - - Nitrageous base
      - Five- carbon sugar
      - Phosphate group
  - - - Function
        
        Constitutes the genetic material in all living organisms and most viruses
      - Structure
        
        It is made up of molecules called nucleotides
    - - Function
        
        It plays an important role in certain processes such as the making of proteins.
      - Structure
        
        Consists in four nitrogenous bases
        
        Adenine
        
        Cytosine
        
        Uracril
        
        Guanine
  - - - Cells
        
        Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of our cells
      - Viruses
      - Bacterias
- - - - Simple sugars
        
        Glucose
        
        Molecular formula-C₆H₁₂O₆
        
        Fructose
      - Have small molecules, are small, soluble in water and sweet
    - - Complex sugars (2 simple sugars joined together)
        
        Sucrose
        
        Maltose
        
        Galactose
      - Soluble in water and taste sweet
    - - Polymers (lots of sugars joined together)
        
        Starch
        
        Plants store carbohydrates as starch
        
        Storage unit for surplus glucose made in photosynthesis
        
        Quick and easy to change glucose into starch, or the other way round
        
        Found inside plant cells
        
        Glycogen
        
        Animals do not store starch
        
        They store carbohydrates in the form of polysaccharide glycogen
        
        Storage unit used by animals for surplus glucose
        
        Found in liver and muscle tissues
        
        Cellulose
        
        Used to make the criss-crossing fibres from which plant cell walls are constructed
        
        Very strong, so the cell wall helps to maintain the shape of the plant cell
        
        Found in plant cell walls
      - Large molecule, insoluble and do not taste sweet
  - - - 1 g of carbohydrates releases 17 kj of energy
      - Normally using glucose
        
        The form in which carbohydrate is transported around the body of an animal
        
        Example
        
        Human blood plasma contains glucose, which is transported to the cells
        
        The cells use the glucose to release the energy that yhey need to carry out the processes of life
        
        Plants also use it in respiration (to provide them with energy)
        
        They transport sucrose across their "bodies", but not glucose
  - - - Brick-red color will be produced
    - - If the solution turns blue-black, starch is present. If not it remains orange-brown