Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Real significant
        
        Probability
  - - - Normally distributed
        
        Standard error of the mean
  - - - Test of significance are almost always Two Tailed
      - Null Hypothesis
    - - Assume difference can only occur in one direction
      - Null Hypothesis
- - - - Preconcieved Plan to conduct an experiment
        
        Variable (Independent and dependent)
        
        (Independent variable) For Example Three types of instructions
        
        Verbal
        
        Written
        
        Combination
        
        (Dependent variable) Example number of correct solution
      - Experimental Vaiable: is an indipendent variable, but not all indipendent variable are experimental
        
        (experimental variable) examples are drug dosage. (possible level) 10 grams
      - Criteria For a Well designed-experiment
        
        1) Adequate experimental control
        
        2) Lack of artificiality
        
        3) Basic comparison
        
        4) Adequate information of the data
        
        5) Uncontaminated data
        
        1 more item...
      - Experimental validity
        
        External validity
        
        Internal Validity
      - Experimental designs
        
        A. Posttest-only control group design
        
        B. Pretest-posttest control group design
        
        C. Solomon Four-group design
        
        D. Factorial design
        
        Advantages: provides the researcher to investigate the interactions between the variables
        
        E. Repeated measures designs
  - - - History
      - Maturation
      - Testing
      - Instrumentation
      - Statistical regression
      - Differential selection of subject
      - Experimental mortality/ differential loss of subject
      - Selection
    - - Interaction effect of testing
      - Interaction effect of selection biases and the experimental treatment
      - Reactive effect of experimental arrangement
      - Multiple-treatment interferences
  - - - Lack of random assignment
        
        A. Internal validity: differential selection of subjects
        
        B. External Validity: intact group
- - - - Determine relationships between variables
      - investigate variables related to major, complex variable
  - - - Test hypotheses
      - Variable selected on basis of rationale
      - Relationship investigated should be logical
      - Correlational "treasure hunt"
    - - 30 participant minimal
      - Valid and reliable measures of the variable being studied
    - - Correlation research design
      - Data analysis and interpretation
        
        Correlation coefficient
        
        Prediction
        
        Reliability
        
        .40
    - - Generally obtain predictors variable earlier than the criterion variable
        
        Data analysis and interpretation
        
        Single variable prediction: Y = a+bX
        
        Multiple regression equation: Y = a+bX1 + cX2 + cX3
  - - - Computing correlation coefficient
      - linear relationship
      - Curvilinear relationship
- - - - Scored accurately and consistently
      - Standardized instrument
      - Self -developed instruments
    - - Results are transferred to summary data sheets
      - Tabulation
  - - - Percentile Ranks
      - Standard Scores
    - - Pearson r
      - Spearman Rho
    - - The Normal Curve
- - - - Questionnaire, interview , telephone
      - Observation
    - - Cross-Sectional Survey
      - Longitudinal Survey
    - - Major types of quantitative observational research
        
        Nonparticipant observation (naturalistic observation and simulation observation0
  - - - Criticism
      - Paper and Pencil Q
      - Stating the problem
      - Selecting Participants
      - Constructing the Q
        
        Type of Items
        
        Scaled items
        
        Likert
        
        Rank items
        
        Structured Items
        
        Unstructured Items
        
        Avoid Jargon
        
        Be Specific
        
        Indicate a point of reference
        
        Avoid leading question
        
        Avoid touchy question
        
        Avoid question that assumes a fact not necessarily true
        
        Question must be clear unambiguous
        
        Important aspect for writing the Questionnaire items
        
        Good Practice
        
        Preparing the Cover letter
        
        Pretesting the Q
        
        Followup Activities
        
        Dealing with nonresponse
    - - Oral, in person administration of Q
        
        Advantages
        
        In-depth data
        
        Question that cannot effectively be structured
        
        Flexible
        
        Disadvantages
        
        expensive, time consuming
        
        Require interviewing Skills
        
        Responses may be biased
      - Telephone interview
        
        Short
        
        Specific
        
        Not too personal
        
        Contains mainly selection-type question
      - Constructing interview guide
        
        Semiconstructured
        
        Structured Question
        
        Unstructured
      - Communication during interview
        
        First impression
        
        Establish rapport
        
        Explain purpose of study
      - Recording responses
        
        Record manually by interviewer or by a recording device
      - Pretesting the interview procedures
        
        Small group
        
        Add , remove, revise interview question