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12 Semantics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - sense
        
        utterance-independent meaning of a lexical item, determined by semantic relations within the system
        
        langue
        
        consists of
        
        denotation
        
        relation between a linguistic expression and a category in the world-picture of a speech community
        
        ex
        
        self-luminous heavenly body
        
        connotation
        
        cultural, emotional, stylistic... associations
        
        ex
        
        night, Twinkle Twinkle little star, astronomy, science fiction
      - reference
        
        pointing relation between an individual utterance and extralinguistic reality
        
        parole
        
        ex
        
        Beteigeuze
    - - Polysemy: multiple meanings of a word
        
        ex
        
        star
        
        symbol -> celebrity
        
        celestial body
        
        often based on cognitive patterns
        
        Metaphor is based on (perceived) similarity
        
        ex
        
        He's the father of computer science
        
        conceptual metaphor maps an entire domain onto another
        
        ex
        
        knowledge is light: "bright, brilliant, elucidate, illuminating, obscure, point of view, see.."
        
        Metonomy is based on contiguity
        
        ex
        
        I hate to read Heidegger
        
        We need some new faces here
        
        The White House is tweeting state news
      - homonomy
        
        is coincidence, the meanings of a polysemous word are historically related
        
        ex
        
        bat(stick) - bat(flying mammal)
- - - - ex
        
        small-large
        
        gradable
        
        alive-dead
        
        complementary
        
        teacher-pupil
        
        converse
        
        to open-to shut
        
        directional a.
- - - - language 1
      - language 2
      - language 3
        
        word a1
        
        word b1
        
        word c1