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PROTEIN METABOLISM, liver, ammonia (waste nitrogen)+bicarbonate,…
PROTEIN METABOLISM
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Classes of Amino Acid
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Non-polar,Aliphatic
isoleucine
alanine
glycine
valine
leucine
methionine
Polar,Uncharged
asparagine
serine
threonine
cysteine
proline
glutamine
Positively Charged
histidine
lysine
arginine
Negatively Charged
glutamate
aspartate
Aromatic
tryptophan
tyrosine
tryptophan
Non-essential
alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartate
cysteine
glutamate
glutamine
glycine
proline
serine
tyrosine
Essential
histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
methionine
phenylalanine
threonine
tryptophan
valine
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Amino Acid Anabolism
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To produce amino acid we need....
amino group
α-keto acid
enzymes
energy molecule
vitamin
Occurs in liver, kidney & muscle
Direct Incorporation of Ammonium into α-Keto Acid
Known as amination
Produce glutamate(1N)
Direct Incorporation of Ammonium into Amino Acid
Known as amidation
Produce glutamine(2N)
Transamination
Process of transferring amino group
Occurs in all amino acid except threonine & lysine
Eg: Alanine+α-ketoglutarate = pyruvate+glutamate
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Amino Acid Catabolism
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Oxidative Deamination
release of ammonium through conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate
requires amino acid, keto acid
In liver: glutamate+H2O+NAD+ = α-ketoglutarate+NADH+hydrogen+ammonium
Extra hepatic to liver: glutamate+ammonium+ATP = glutamine
Extra hepatic to liver - outside liver: i)glutamate+ammonium+ATP=glutamine
Extra hepatic to liver - in liver: i)glutamine+H2O=glutamate+ammonium
ii)glutamate+H2O+NAD+ = α-keto+NADH+hydrogen+ammonium
The waste product is ammonia which will be converted to ammonium and will be transferred to urea cycle
Removal 2N
Deamidation = remove 1N from R-group of amino acid
Transamination = removal of amino group in an amino acid to α-keto acid
Removal 1N
Transamination = removal of amino group in an amino acid to α-keto acid
Urea Cycle
N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS)
Carbamoyl -phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1)
Occurs in
high protein in body & starvation
ammonia (waste nitrogen)+bicarbonate
carbamoyl-phosphate
citrulline
argininosuccinate
arginine
ornithine
ORNT1
urea
citrin
aspartate
argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1)
DISORDER
Citrullinemia (Gene ASS)
Excess ammonia transferred to urea cycle
when
energy, ammonia & α-keto acid
Produce
Used by
N-acetyl glutamate synthase (NAGS)
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1 (CPS1)
ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)
arginase 1 (ARG1)
argininosuccinate lyase (ASL)
Occurs in
