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Northern Ireland and the Troubles - Coggle Diagram
Northern Ireland and the Troubles
Northern Irish History
500BC - 100AD
several separate influxes of Celtic tribes into Ireland
A.D. 432: St Patrick's mission starts
1169: arrival of the Anglo-Normans; many of them settle in Ulster
1366: Statutes of Kilkenny prohibit public use of Gaelic language
1649: atrocities of Irish natives against Ulster settlers
in the same year as an answer to it, Cromwell's devastating victory over the Irish armies: slogan: "To hell or to Connaught": all major Catholic landowners replaced with protestants
1690: William of Orange defeats the Irish armies in the Battle of the Boyne, which is commemorated by the Ulster Protestants annually in their so-called Orange Marches on the 12th of July; Irish Catholics are deprived of all civil rights by the Penal laws
1801: Ireland is formally made part of Britain
1829: Catholic Emancipation, achieved by Daniel O'Connell, "Liberator of Ireland"
1845-49: Great Famine: Ireland's population falls from 8.5 to 5 million
1916: Easter Rising: proclamation of the Irish Republic(Padraig Pearse), formation of the IRB
1917: formation of IRA (recognised 1919) by Michael Collins
SIgned Anglo-Irish Treaty and was assassinated later
1919: start of guerilla warfare
1921: foundation of the Irish Free State
six of the counties of Ulster choose to remain British
1922-23: Civil War between Free Staters and Republicans (the latter fight for Ulster's integration into the new State)
1949: Irish Free State becomes Póblacht na hÉirann (Republic of Ireland), an independent state; the six counties in the north remain British
1969: outbreak of violence in Northern Ireland; the British army intervenes
general information
population about 1.5 million
size about Brandenburg
The Troubles
30th January Bloody Sunday (1972)
Civil Rights March in Derry
because of internment policy, which meant that IRA members could have been imprisoned without trial
Original route sealed off by British Army
Clashes between local youths and army at barricades
1st Parachute Regiment ordered to move in and arrest rioters
-> Opened fire on the crowd and killed 13 marchers + 1 who later died of his injuries
1998: New Inquiry by Tony Blair: "Saville Inquiry"
Cost around 200 million Pounds
Findings
No warning had been given to any civilians before the soldiers opened fire
none of the soldiers fired in response to attacks by petrol bombers or stone throwers
some of those killed or injured were clearly fleeing or going to help those injured or dying
none of the casualties was posing a threat or doing anything that would justify shooting
Brighton Bombing (1984)
Battle of the Bogside (1969)
Dates back to when NI became separated from the rest of IReland in the early 1920s
1968-1998 (30 yrs) conflict between the Irish nationalists(mostly Catholic) and the British unionists(mostly Protestant)
47,000 people injured
3,500 people died
derry vs londonderry even relevant in conflict
Pro-Unification
Republicans(violent
IRA
Irish Republican Army(1917)
INLA
Sinn Fein
Nationalists
SDLP
Pro-Union
Loyalists(violent)
UDA/UVF
Ulster Defence Association
Ulster Volunteer front
Unionists
UUP
Ulster Unionist Party
DUP
Democratic Unionist Party
UDP/PUP
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985)
between UK and Ireland which aimed to bring an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Gave Irish Gov an advisory role in Northern Ireland's government while confirming that there would be no change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland unless a majority of its people agreed to join the Republic
Signed between Thatcher and FitzGerald
It also set out conditions for the establishment of a devolved consensus government in the region
Rejected by Republicans because it confirmed NI Status as part of the UK. Sinn Féins president, Gerry Adams, denounced the Agreement; "... the formal recognition of the partition of Ireland...[is] a disaster for the nationalist cause...[it] far outweighs the powerless consultative role given in Dublin
Fianna Fáil leader Charles Haughey claimed the Agreement was in conflict with Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland because it officially recognised British jurisdiction in N.I.
Only Nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party SDLP and the corss community Alliance Party supported the agreement
The Belfast(
Good Friday
) AGREEMENT
10th April 1998
deals mainly with the relationship of NI towards Republic of Ireland and UK
was made between British and Irish Governments and 8 parties or groupings from NI (Only DUP opposed it)
consists of two inter-related documents
Mo Mowlam Key Figure in Good Friday Agreement
involved People
Bill Clinton, Tony Blair and many more
Decomissioning of paramilitary weapons and RELEASE OF PARAMILITARY PRISONERS (could have been murder etc.)
Three Strands
DUBLIN
BELFAST
LONDON
First Minister DUP: Ian Paisley
Deputy first Minister of Sinn Fein: Martin McGuinness
NI people can have both Citizenships or one of them, as they wish
Referendum on Good Friday Agreement and 18th Constitution amendment very comfortable YES Wins: 70-94%
2005: IRA declares ceasefire, agrees to lay down arms
2007 THe devolved government returns
DUP & Sinn Fein become leading parties
Ian Paisley and Martin McGuiness as First Minister and Deputy First Minister
former Enemies become colleagues and friends
symbols for peace process
cooperation between the 2 only short lived but made an impact
DUP and Sinn Fein remain in government
2011: The Queen visits the Republic of Ireland, first visit in 100 years
Mc Guiness shakes hands wit hQueen Elizabeth
2017 resignation of MCGuinness as Deputy, primarily over Reneqable Heat Incentive Scheme
Collapse of government at Stormont
DUP and Sinn Fein were unable to come to an agreement until 11 January 2020 to restart assembly
Murder of NI Journalist brought Sinn Fein and DUP back together