Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Y10 Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Insulin is a 51 amino acid protein that is produced by the pancreas
  - - - These will divide and create new cells with the new gene
- - - - provides boundary, controles movment of substances in or out of the cell (boarder controll)
    - - liquid in the cell on which all organells are saspended
    - - where DNA is stored and read
    - - produces energy for the cell in the form of ATP
    - - where protens get modified and stored
    - - where large molucles and wast is broken down
    - - where lipids (fatty acids) are produced
    - - contains ribosomes which produce protiens by reading RNA
    - - a skafolding that provides shape , protection and somtimes movment
    - - an anchor for the cytoskeleton
    - - water and waste storage
    - - a though layer that provides stactule suport and protection
      - only plants
    - - allows photosynthesis producing O2 and glucose
      - plants only
- - - - pedrigrees are family trees that show is a person has a desease/charistic
- - - - Determine the sequence of the 3-4 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA
      - Identify all the genes in human DNA
    - - Headed by Dr. Francis Collins
  - - - At first this did not look relevant
      - People thought it was left over from evolution
      - They have a purpose that turn on and off in gene expressions
  - - - Crime suspects
      - Deceases
      - Selective breading
      - Biological relationships
  - - - This is unique to every body
- - - - go to other points
  - - - this explans the native animals and unusuall species
  - - - in humans, it devlops into parathyroid glans and middle ear bone
      - in reptials, devlops into lower jaw
      - in fish, devlops into gills but, is controlled by the Gcm-2 gene
      - in chicken, contoled by the Gcm-2 gene devlops, into parathyorid glans
- - - - each version is called an allele
- - - - this happens because chromitides fail to seperate in meisosis
  - - - can also be a break in the DNA, or abnormal bonds
  - - - agents that cause mutaions are called mutagens
      - if mutagens lead to cancer, it is also called a carrinogen
      - eg. x-rays, chemicals, viruses
  - - - don't effect the indivagule, and result in a single base change that dose not affect the protien
    - - produces the protien that is not normall and may cause deases
    - - causes the cell to stop reading befor normall and the protien is incomplet and dysfunctional
    - - causses aletter to be added or deleted. This moves every thing down and become jumbled. This can make a new protein or none at all.
- - - - Natural selection, cannot be artificially produced and required many generations to be observed
  - - - This is due tot he colour of the trees and the carmouflage (predation)
  - - - Extreme fast replication rate
      - High DNA mutation rate
      - Overexposure to antibiotics
        
        This happens because people do not complete the cause of antibiotics that is needed, people overuse them, or the wrong antibiotics that are used.
- - - - lsolation
        
        the poulation is devideed in some way (geographiclly or climaticaly) such that the groups can not interbread and therefore extange genes
      - selection
        
        Natural selection acts on the seprated groups causing changes in the gene that prevent succefull interbreading, even if the groups should cross again
      - variation
        
        the population contains natural diffencess
- - - - the chromosomes line up in pairs along the equater
      - when they move to each pole a whole chromesome moves
      - 2 cells are formed
      - without dupliacting the chriosomes line up on the equator
      - they move to the poles and make daughter cells with 1/2 the amount of DNA (hapliods)
  - - - chromosomes replicate to become double stranded
      - the double stranded cromosomes become visable
      - The double stranded chrosoms line up a long the equator of the cell
      - the chromoosomes move to the opisite ends of the cell (due to the centrials)
      - a new nuciles forms and the cell starts to devide
      - now you have two daughter cells (diploids)
- - - - it is less comen in females because they would have to get it from both perents if it is resesive.
      - this can cause colour blindness, and other diessses
- - - - there is AB, A, B, O, + or -
      - type A conatians anitgen A
      - type B conatians anitgen B
      - type AB conatians anitgen A and B
      - type O conatians neaither
      - there are 3 posable alleles
        
        IA, IB, IO (I stands for the anigen)
        
        how ever indiviagels only have 2 out of the 3
        
        rules
        
        IA and IB are equales
        
        IO is reseive to both IA and IB
- - - - but it can not tell the intencity of the desease
  - - - needs to go into the correct tissue
      - needs a divery system that dose not cause imune problems
      - needs totnot dister other genes
      - needs to create the right protien
    - - they have the protential of treating illness, regrowing tisue, regrowing organs, and being used for gene theropy
      - however some people are agast the idea due to the sem cells needing to come from embroes because adilts dont have many stem cells
    - - cancers are where cells undergo uncontolable cell devision resulting in tumers
      - tumers are fed by the growth of abnormal blood vessels
      - scientes have found a way to turn off the gene that drives the growth of theses blood vessels
      - this can limite the growth by limeting the amount of nutrence that the tumer can get
- - - - the time take for the element to decay to 1/2 of the amount
    - - each eleement is only accurate in a certain time range
      - assumes that the decay is a constant rate
    - - every orangisum has a tiny amount of caron-14 which remains contant thoughout its life
      - as soon as it dies, carbon-14 begins to decay into carbon-12. With a harlf life of about 5730 years
- - - - eg. the pentadactctal limb of vertebrates
      - this is comparative anatomy
      - this implys that the ansestor is simular at a genetic level
    - - when they have the same adatation but dont have the same ansester
- - - - biotic factors
        
        predation
        
        disease
        
        competion
      - abiotic factors
        
        climate
        
        water
        
        nutrience
    - - the ones that are poorly adapted or less fit
    - - sexual selection (competition)
  - - - (a change in genotype due to a selection of pheotype)