Physics Summer Work - Muhammad Saad
Forces & Motion
Vector & Scalar quantaties
Vector
Scalar
Vector quantities refer to the physical quantities characterized by the presence of both magnitude as well as direction. For example, displacement, force, torque, momentum, acceleration, velocity, etc.
A scalar or scalar quantity in physics is a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such as a real number, often accompanied by units of measurement. A scalar is usually said to be a physical quantity that only has magnitude, possibly a sign, and no other characteristics. For example, time & distance.
Distance & Time
D/T Graphs / measured in m/s (meters per second)
Acceleration
V/T Graphs / measured in m/s^2 / Can be found by dividing velocity over time
Resultant Forces
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- use a protractor to find a bearing for the force, as force is a vector (so has to have direction too)
- measure the distance from tip to tip of the forces; thats the resultant force
- draw a scale drawing of all the forces acting
- if they are acting at an angle to each other:
- if the forces are acting in the same/opposite directions, just add/subtract
The eventual force of two forces acting on one object
Thinking & Braking Distances
Newton's Laws
Newton's Third Law
"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"
Newton's First Law
"An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force."
Newton's Second Law
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Conservation of Energy
Chemical Energy
Energy is stored in different ways; in food, fuel, and batteries.
Kinetic Energy
Stored in moving objects
Thermal Energy
Stored in heated objects
Elastic Potential Energy
Stores in Streched, squashed or twisted materials
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
Stored in Objects in high positions
Nuclear Energy
Energy stored inside atoms
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred from one store to another. this means the total energy transferred by a system is the same as the energy put into the system.
Measuring Unit - Joules
Useful & Wasted Energy
Renewable & Non - Renewable energy
Features of Waves
Amplitude
The size of vibrations or the maximum distance a particle moves away from its resting position.
Types of Waves
Electromagnetic Waves
A group of waves that all travel at the same speed in a vacuum, and are all transverse.
Frequency
The number of vibrations (or the number of waves) per second.
Hertz [Hz] - The unit for frequency. One hertz is one wave per second.
Longitudinal wave
A wave where the particles vibrate in the same direction as the wave is travelling.
Medium
Any substance through which something travels.
Period
The time taken for one complete wave to pass a point. It is measured in seconds.
Seismic waves
Vibrations in the rocks of the Earth caused by earthquakes or explosions. There are transverse and longitudinal seismic waves.
Sound Waves
Vibrations in the particles of a solid, liquid or gas, which are detected by our ears and 'heard' as sounds. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Transverse Waves
A wave where the vibrations are at right angles to the direction the wave is travelling.
Wavelength
The distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next wave.
Normal
An imaginary line at right angles to a surface where a ray of light hits it.
Refraction
The change in direction when waves go from one medium to another.
Light & The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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[LINK] - There is a direct link between KE and Forces as KE is a form of energy that is stored in moving objects. These objects move through forces and motion as well as newtons law in which energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes, from longest wavelength to shortest: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
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[LINK] - Electromagnetic waves are a set of waves which vary in wavelengths and types. This links to the features of waves as they all have different frequencies and wavelengths and are all a type of wave. Light waves are also linked ti refraction when travelling through mediums and undergoing this process.
Radioactivity
Nucleons
a particle found in the nucleus (proton or neutron)
positron
an antimatter electron with a mass of 1/1800 and a charge of +1
Background Radiation
Alpha Particles
Beta Minus Particle
Gamma Radiation
Beta Plus Decay
Neutron Emission
Half-Life
