Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Periodic Table - Coggle Diagram

- - - - - Halogens react with most metals to form salts called halides.
        
        Chlorine
        
        Potassium Bromide
        Chlorine displaces bromine from a bromide solution.
        Cl² (aq) + 2KBr→ 2KCl (aq) + Br²(aq)
        (light yellow) (colourless) (colourless) (reddish-brown)
        
        Potassium iodide
        Chlorine displaces iodine from an iodide solution.
        Cl₂ (aq) + 2KI → 2KCl (aq) + I₂(aq)
        (light yellow) (colourless) (colourless) (brown)
        
        Bromine
        
        Potassium iodide
        Bromine displaces iodine from an iodide solution.
        Br₂(aq) + 2KI→ 2KBr (aq) + I₂(aq)
        (reddish-brown) (colourless) (colourless) (brown)
        
        Potassium chloride
        No reaction
        
        Iodine
        
        Potassium bromide
        No reaction
        
        Potassium chloride
        No reaction
  - - - Chlorine (greenish-yellow gas)
        Bromine (reddish-brown liquid)
        Iodine (a purplish black solid
        Astatine (black)
      - Most reactive
        - Fluorine
        - Chlorine
        - Bromine
        - Iodine
        - Astatine
    - - e.g. F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂
- - - - Number of valence electrons is the same as group number
      - Charge of ion is related to group number
    - - Number of electron shells is the same as period number
- - - - Lithium, sodium and potassium float on water
  - - - reactivity increases down Group I
        
        Least reactive:
        - Li
        - Na
        - K
        - Rb
        - Cs
        - Fr
        Most reactive:
    - - Sodium
        
        Reacts violently. Sodium darts around the water surface
        sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
        2Na(s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
      - Potassium
        
        Reacts very violently. Reaction is explosive.
        potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
        2K(s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H₂ (g)
      - Lithium
        
        Reacts quickly. Lithium floats on water
        Lithium + water → lithium hydroxide + hydrogen
        2Li(s) + 2H₂O (l) → 2LiOH (aq) + H₂ (g)
    - - forms ions with a charge of +1 by losing one electron from the outer shell
        
        Li → Li+ + Li-
- - - - - noble gases have eight valence electrons
        - their full electronic structures make the noble gases unreactive
        Hence, they rarely react to form compounds
- - - - E.g.
        - aqueous iron (III) is yellow, aqueous iron (III) chloride is green
      - colours of the compounds of a transition metal are different at different oxidation states
    - - E.g.
        - Iron: Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia
        - Nickel: manufacture of margarine from vegetable oil