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RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Involve selecting a representative and an unbiased sample of subjects drawn
        
        Descriptive Survey: Concerned with identifying and counting the frequency of a particular response among the survey group
        
        Analytical Survey: Want to analyse the relationship between different elements (variables) in a sample group
    - - Carefully controlled and structured environments and enables the causal relationships of phenomena to be identified and analysed
        
        The variables can be manipulated or controlled to observe the effects on the subject studies
    - - Studies over an extended period to observe the effect that time has on the situation under observation and to collect primary data
        
        Often conducted over several years, which make them unsuitable for most relatively short taught post-graduate courses
    - - Involving different organizations or group of people to look at similarities or differences between them at any one particular time
        
        Are done when time and resources for more extended research, eg. longitudinal studies are limited
  - - - Offers an opportunity to study a particular subject. Eg. one organization, in depth, or a group of people, and usually involves gathering and analysing information
        
        Information may be both qualitative or quantitative
    - - Involves ab intervention by the researcher to influence change in any given situation and to monitor and evaluate the results
        
        Requires active co-operation between researcher and client and a continual process of adjustment to the intervention in the light of new information and responses to it from respondents
    - - Usually described as participant observation, and this is where the researcher becomes a working member of the group or situation to be observed
        
        Aim: To understand the situation fro the inside: from the viewpoints of the people in the situation
    - - Research within one group or organizatin
        
        Involves the active involvement and co-operation of people who you would normally work and associate with in a daily basis
    - - Focuses on knowledge grounded in female experiences and is of benefit to everyone, but particularly women
        
        Research might centre on the role of women in an organization and on their view, roles, influence and concerns
    - - Reverses approaches in research that collected data in order to test the validity of theoretical propositions, in favour of an approach that emphasis on the generation of theory from data
        
        Seek to challenge research approaches that unwittingly look for evidence in the data to confirm or deny established theories or practices
- - - - Pure Research
        
        The key features of pure research - Its results are openly disseminated through books, articles, conference paper or theses although these are likely to be addressed mainly to an academic audience
        
        Intended to lead to theoretical developments and may not have any practical implications
      - Applied Research
        
        Intended to lead to the solution of specific problems and usually involves working with clients who identify the problems, and if lucky enough pay for the solutions
        
        One common form of applied research is the evaluation of the process and results of particular course of action - such as the re-organization of the department, the introduction of new technology or the proposal of a new training scheme for the new employees
        
        Need to emphasis on the "why" question rather than the 'what" question
      - Action Research
        
        A number of research approach have developed in the social sciences, humanities, and management which do not fit neatly into either pure and applied research
        
        Involves a small scale intervention on the part of researcher in the phenomenon being studied
  - - - Objective in nature and concentrates on measuring phenomena
        
        Involves collecting and analysing numerical data and applying statistical tests
    - - More subjective in nature
        
        Involves examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain and understanding of social and human activities
    - - Explain the research problem they face
        
        Contribute to a better understanding of the research problem and used variety types of data
  - - - A study in which a conceptual and theoretical structure is developed and then tested by empirical observation, thus particular instances are deduced from general inferences
        
        It is essentially a set of techniques for applying theories in the real world in order to test and assess their validity
    - - Essentially reverses the process found in deductive research
        
        The researcher develops hypotheses and theories with a view to explaining empirical observations of the real world phenomenon
  - - - Is conducted for a research problem or issue when there are very few or no earlier studies which can be referred for information about the probrlems
        
        Aim: To look foe patterns, ideas, or hypotheses, rather than testing of conforming hypotheses
    - - To identify and obtain information on the characteristics of a particular problem or issue
        
        The data collected is often quantitative ans statistical techniques are usually used to summarise the information
    - - Continuation of descriptive research. The research go beyond merely describing the characteristics, to analysing and explaining why or how it is happening
        
        Aim: To understand phenomena by discovering and measuring causal relations among them
    - - Goes even further than exploratory research. Establishes an explanation for what is happening in a particular situation
        
        Aim: To generalise from the analysis by predicting certain phenomena on the basis hypotheses, general relationship.
  - - - Much less structured and are focused more on explanation and understanding of phenomena with much more emphasis on qualitative data
        
        Referred to action research and the related research approach of 'ethnography"
    - - Most appropriate to the deductive approach to research in as much as they include the more highly structured research methodologies
        
        Based on controlled laboratory experimentation