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AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN (A compound that contains both an amino group and…
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN
(A compound that contains both an amino group and a carboxyl group)
Classification Of Amino Acid
The R Group
Non-Polar (Hydrophobic)
Polar (Charge)
Polar (Uncharge)
3 Amino acid that incorporated during protein synthesis
1.N-formylmethionine
-The initial amino acid during protein synthesis in bacteria
2.Selenocysteine
-Contain selenium in place of the sulfur of cysteine
-Incorporated into few proteins in almost every species
-Formed from serine during protein synthesis
3.Pyrrolysine
-Found in some species of archaebacteria
-Pyrrolysine is a modiefied form of lysine that is synthesized before being added to growing polypetide chain during translation.
Side Chain
Important
The presence of the side chains in each amin acid enable the various type of the interaction between individual and group of amino acid.
The interaction will help to decide the properties and protein.
Structural range
Nomenlature
The atoms of the side chain are assigned sequential letters in the Greek alphabet beginning with the carbon next to the carboxyl group.
StereochemistrY
Chiral center
Non-standard Amino Acid
-Important component of proteins and peptides
-Generally result from a specific modification of an amino acid residue after it is incorporated into the polypeptide strand
Ionizable Group
Contain two acid-base group
-Alpa-carboxyl group
-Alpa-amino group
Those with the ionizable side chains (R-Group) have three
acid-base group.
-Lysine
-Arginine
-Histidine
-Glutamic Acid
-Aspartic Acid
Isometric Point
No NET charge is known as the isoelectric point
Classification Of Protein
Structure
Primary Structure
(Covalent Bond)
Primary structure is the sequence of amino acid that made up in one polypeptide chain
-Importance in the mechanism action
Secondary Structure
Secondary structure
Beta Sheets
Polypeptide chains lie adjacent to one another
R group alternate,first above and then below plane
C=0 and N-H group of each peptide bond are perpendicular to axis of the sheet
Large Beta Sheets
-Large Beta-sheets structure can be mix of parallel and antiparallel Beta sheets
-Parallel Beta sheets tend to form large structure > 5 strands
Beta Turns and loops
-Alllows the peptide chain to reverse direction
-Carbonyl C of one residue is H-bonded to the amide proton of a residue three residue away
Motifs
-Repetitive supersecondary structures
-Motifs give information on the folding of a proteins but NOT about protein function
Domain
-Very large polypeptide chains tend to fold in two or more clusters knowns as domains
-Small segments usually connect neighbouring domains
-Domain can be structurally and functionally independent
Alpha-Helix
The ordered3-dimensional arrangement of localized regions of a polypeptide chain
The formation of the interactions depends on the allowed rotations around the planer peptide bond
Tertiary Structure
A protein refers to the overall 3-dimensional arrangement of its polypeptide chain in space.It is generally stabilized by outside polar hydrophilic hydrogen and ionic bond interactions.
Quartenary Structure
The association of several protein chains or subunit into a closely packed arrangement.Each of the subunit has its own primary,secondary and tertiary structure.
