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9a, 9c ,9d classification of reflexes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - They are tested through the use of a clinical hammer.
        
        Striking the clinical hammer against the tendon of the muscle elicits a
        sudden stretch impulse which can be observed as a contraction of the muscle.
        
        Abnormally brisk tendon reflexes indicate:
        
        an upper motor neuron disorder,
        whereas an absence of tendon reflexes indicate:
        
        disorders of sensory afferents from muscle spindles
        
        or LMN damage.
- - - - The ophthalmic branch of CN V receives sensory input from the surface of the eye.
        
        Pull out a wisp of cotton and twist into a thin strand.
        
        While the patient is looking straight ahead,
        gently brush the wisp against the
        lateral aspect of the sclera.
        
        This should cause the patient to blink.
        Blinking also requires that the facial nerve is functioning normally, as it controls eyelid closure.
        
        Corneal reflex can also be elicited by blowing into the eye of the patient.
    - - The patient should lie supine with legs extended.
        
        Scratch the outer edge of the sole
        with some blunt object like a key,
        starting from the heel
        towards the little toe
        and then medially across the metatarsals.
        
        Stop as soon as the first movement of the toe occurs.
        
        The normal response is:
        -the plantar flexion of the great toe
        -along with the flexion and adduction of the other toes. This is referred to as the negative Babinski’s sign.
        If there is:
        
        dorsiflexion of the great toe along with fanning out of the other toes,
        it is referred to as the positive Babinski’s sign.
        A positive Babinski’s sign is present in
        
        UMN lesion
        
        hypoglycemia,
        
        deep coma,
        
        post-epileptic fit
        
        and also in infants.
    - - The patient should be lying in a supine position with a low pillow supporting the head.
        
        Draw a pin from the lateral part of the abdomen
        towards the midline on either side.
        
        It should be below and parallel to the
        costal margins for upper abdominal reflexes
        and above and parallel to the inguinal ligaments for lower abdominal reflexes.
        
        There should be a brisk contraction of the muscles of the stimulated area and movement of
        the umbilicus towards that side.
        Abdominal reflex is absent in:
        
        UMN lesion above their segmental level
        -or if there is LMN lesion of the concerned
        spinal nerves.
    - - Scratch the inner aspect of the upper part of the thigh.
        -This should result in the elevation of the testes in male patients.
        
        This reflex is absent in UMN lesion.
    - - Scratch the skin near the anal margin with a sharp object.
        
        This should result in the contraction of the anal sphincter.