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8a types of paralysis (definition and causes) - Coggle Diagram
8a
types of paralysis (definition and causes)
Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some or all of the body.
It can have lots of different causes, some of which can be serious.
Depending on the cause, it may be temporary or permanent.
It can start suddenly or gradually.
Sometimes it comes and goes.
1.Monoplegia
is paralysis of a single area of the body,
most typically one limb.
People with monoplegia typically retain control over the rest of their body, but cannot move or feel sensations in the affected limb.
Monoplegia is sometimes a temporary condition, and is especially common in the aftermath of a stroke or brain injury.
When the nerves affecting the paralyzed area are not fully severed, it is often possible to regain significant function through physical therapy.
Causes of Monoplegia
Cerebral palsy
Strokes
Tumors
Nerve damage due to injuries or diseases
Nerve impingement
Motor neuron damage
Brain injuries
Impacted or severed nerves at the affected location
2.Hemiplegia
affects an arm and a leg on the same side of the
body.
With hemiplegia, the degree of paralysis varies from person to person, and may change over time.
Hemiplegia often begins with a sensation of pins and needles, progresses to muscle weakness, and escalates to complete paralysis.
However, many people with hemiplegia find that their degree of functioning varies from day to day, and depending on their overall health, activity level, and other factors.
Hemiplegia should not be confused with hemiparesis, which refers to weakness on one side of the body.
Nevertheless, hemiparesis is often a precursor to hemiplegia,
particularly for people with neurological issues.
Hemiplegia is sometimes temporary, and the overall prognosis depends on treatment, including early interventions such as physical and occupational therapy.
Causes of Hemiplegia
As with monoplegia, the most common cause is cerebral palsy.
However, other conditions, such as
incomplete spinal cord injuries
brain injuries
and nervous system disorders
Paraplegia
refers to paralysis below the waist,
and usually affects
both legs,
the hips,
and other functions, such as
sexuality and elimination.
Though stereotypes of being paralyzed below the waist hold that paraplegics cannot walk, move their legs, or feel anything below the waist, the reality of paraplegia
varies from person
to person—and sometimes, from day to day.
Thus paraplegia refers to substantial impairment in functioning and movement, not necessarily a permanent and total paralysis.
Rarely, people with paraplegia spontaneously recover.
This may be due to brain or spinal cord functions that are not yet understood, such as regeneration of neurons.
More typically, paraplegics are able to regain some functioning with physical therapy, which works to retrain the brain and spinal cord to work around limitations while strengthening muscles and nerve connections.
Causes of Paraplegia
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord infections
Spinal cord lesions
Brain tumors
Brain infections
Stroke
Congenital malformations in
the brain or spinal cord
Brain or spinal cord oxygen
deprivation due to choking,
surgical accidents, violence,
and similar causes.
Rarely, nerve damage at the
hips or waist; this more
typically causes some variety
of monoplegia or hemiplegia.
4.Quadriplegia
is often referred to as tetraplegia, is
paralysis below the neck.
All four limbs, as well as the torso, are typically affected.
As with paraplegia, though, the degree of disability and loss of function may vary from person to person, and even from moment to moment.
Likewise, some quadriplegics spontaneously regain some or all functioning, while others slowly retrain their brains and bodies through dedicated physical therapy and exercise.
causes
As with paraplegia, spinal cord injuries are the leading cause of quadriplegia.
The most common causes of spinal cord injuries include
-automobile accidents,
-acts of violence,
falls, and
-sporting injuries,
especially injuries due to contact sports
such asfootball.
Traumatic brain injuries
Acquired brain injuries due to infections, stroke, and other disease-related processes.
Loss of oxygen to the brain and spinal cord due to choking, anesthesia-related accidents, anaphylactic shock, and some other causes.
Spinal and brain lesions
Spinal and brain tumors
Spinal and brain infectionsCatastrophic nerve damage throughout the body
Congenital abnormalities
Early brain injuries, especially pre-birth or during-birth injuries that lead to cerebral palsy, which can produce a range of symptoms, including varying degrees of paralysis
Allergic reactions to drugs
Drug or alcohol overdoses