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Adolescence, Peer pressure-encouragement to conform to one's friends…
Adolescence
Puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts 3 to 5 years.
Usually begins between 8-14 years of age
cascade of hormones that produce external growth and internal changes, including heightened emotions and sexual desires
growth and maturation ends about 4 years after the first signs appear although some individuals (especially boys) add height, weight, and muscle until age 20 or so
Girls
-puberty begins with nipple growth, few pubic hairs are visible, followed by a peak growth spurt, widening of the hips, the first menstrual period, a full pubic-hair pattern and breast maturation
Menarche
-a girl's first menstrual period signaling that she has begun ovulation; pregnancy is biologically possible but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche
Average age is about 12 years 4 months for menarche
Boys
-growth in the testes, initial pubic-hair growth, growth of the penis, first ejaculation of seminal fluid, appearance of facial hair, a peak growth spurt, deepening of the voice, and final pubic hair growth
Spermarche
-a boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Ejaculation signals sperm production.
Sex Hormones
Gonads
-The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). The gonads produce hormones and mature gametes.
HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis
-a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the gonads
Estradiol
- a sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. females produce much more estradiol than males do
Testosterone
-a sex hormone the best known of the androgen (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females
Secular trend
-the long-term upward or downward direction of a certain set of statistical measurements as opposed to a smaller, shorter cyclical variation. as an example over the past two centuries, because of improved nutrition and medical care children have tended to reach their adult height earlier and their adult height has increased.
Leptin
-a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12
Eating Disorders
Body image
-a person's idea of how his or her body looks
Anorexia nervosa
-an eating disorder characterized by self starvation affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise depriving their vital organs of nutrition anorexia can be fatal
Bulimia nervosa
-an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging usually by induced vomiting and or use of laxative
Sexual Characteristics
Primary sex characteristics
-the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction including the vagina uterus ovaries testicles and penis
Secondary sex characteristics
-physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts
Biosocial Development
Psycosocial Development
Identity versus role confusion
-Erikson's term for the 5th stage of development in which the person tries to figure out Who am I? but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt
Identity achievement
-Erikson's term for the attainment of identity or the point at which a person understand who he or she is as a unique individual in accord with past experiences and future plans
Role Confusion
- a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
Foreclosure
-Erikson's term for premature identity formation which occurs when an adolescent adopts his or her parents' or society's roles and values wholesale without questioning or analysis
Moratorium
-an adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions; going to college is a common example
Religious, Political, Vocational and Gender Identity
Cognitive Development
Adolescent egocentrism
-a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
Imaginary Audience
-the other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior; this belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious
Personal fable
-an aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or more awful than anyone else's
Invincibility fable
-an adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal such as unprotected sex drug abuse or high speed driving
Piaget's Formal Operational Thought
In Piaget's theory the 4th and final stage of cognitive development characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
Hypothetical thought-
reasoning that includes proposition and possibilities that may not reflect reality
Deductive Reasoning
-reasoning from a general statement premise or principle through logical steps to figure out (deduce) specifics
Inductive Reasoning
-reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion
Two modes of thinking
Dual Processing
-the notion that two networks exist within the human brain one for emotional processing of stumuli and one for analytical reasoning
Intuitive thought-
thought that arises from an emotion or hunch beyond rational explanation and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
Analytic thought
-thought that results from analysis such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons risks and consequences possibilities and facts; analytic thought depends on logic and rationality
Entity theory of intelligence
-an approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement
Incremental theory of intelligence
-an approach to understanding intelligence which holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention participate in class study complete their homework and so on
High stakes test
-an evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure if a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted it is a high stakes test
PISA (programme for international student assessment)-
an international test taken by 15 year old in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life
Peer pressure
-encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress and attitude; usually considered a negative force as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority
Deviancy training
-destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
Major depression
-feelings of hopelessness lethargy and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
Rumination
-Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences can contribute to depression
Suicidal ideation
-thinking about suicide usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones
Parasuicide
-any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death
Cluster suicides
-several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period
Adolescence limited offender
-a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
Life course persistent offender
-a person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal
Stubbornness can lead to defiance which can lead to running away
Shoplifting can lead to arson and burglary
Bullying can lead to assault rape and murder
Familism
-the belief that family members should support one another sacrificing individual freedom and success if necessary in order to preserve family unity and protect the family from outside forces
Communication, support, connectedness , and control
Parental monitoring
-parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing where and with whom
Cyberbullying
-bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another means of social medial posts emails text messages or cell phone videos
Sexting
-sending sexual content particularly photos or videos via cell phones or social media
Gender Identity
-a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
Sexual orientation
-a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex the opposite sex or both sexes
Pituitary
-a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and sexual maturation.
Adrenal Glands
-two glands, located above the kidneys, that respond to the pituitary, producing hormones.
HPA (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal)axis
-A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.
Growth spurt
-the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty, each body part increases in size on schedule, weight usually precedes height and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso
Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
-a disease spread by sexual contact including syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia and HIV
Generational forgetting
-the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned
