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Mod*al verbs, can 1) describe things which are generally possible (we…

- - - - present - past - future
        :pencil2: must - had to - must
        :pencil2: has/have (got) to - had (got) to - will have to
        :pencil2: need/needs to - needed to - will need to
        :pencil2: should/ought to - should/ought to have (done) - should/ought to
        
        пояснення таблички
        :check: must, should, ought to - modal verbs. They don't: change form in the present tense, have a past tense, future form with will, infinitive or participle forms.
        :check: have to - is used when we can't use must to refer to the past/future/inf/participle.
        :check: we use modal perfect with shold/ought to to express past meaning.
        :check: need can be used as modal verbs without to, usually in negative and questions.
        :check: alternative to need is need to/have to
        :check: must/have to/ need to + passive infinitive
        
        Past: The staff and students at the university had to evacuate the campus.
        Future: The Council must/will have to find ways of cutting costs next year.
        Infinitive: It's difficult to have to stand by and watch your child in pain.
        Participle: Having to listen to hip-hop music all evening is my idea of torture!
        
        They really should/ought to have consulted their shareholders first.
        Need you shout so? I’m right next to you!
        We needn’t bother making the bed.
        Do you need to/have to shout so?
        We don’t need to/have to bother making the bed.
        Democracy must/has to be seen to work.
        Pulses need to be cooked thoroughly to eradicate the toxins in them.
    - - must
        1) to express an obligation imposed by the speaker:
        2) to give a strong personal opinion.
        3) to impose an obligation on oneself:
        4) to give instructions: (In giving instructions, must is often used with a passive verb.)
        :warning: in conversations must seems impolite or inappropriate, we usually use should instead of it.
        :check: possible to use need for external obligations particularly in the future.
        
        have to, have got to (more informal) - to express an obligation we see as outside our control (external obligations) (rules imposed by an authority).
        
        should/ought to + have + past participle - unfulfilled obligation in the past.
        
        I must get up earlier. I waste so much time in the mornings.
        I believe people must vote at elections.
        I really must lose some weight.
        The electricity must always be switched off before repairs are attempted.
        You should treat your neighbours with more respect.
        We'll need to get our visas sorted out or we won't be able to stop over in the States.
        Students have to wear school uniforms in the sixth form.
        You really should have/ought to have registered before term started.
    - - need to/ must/ have to
        :check: need + ing form - to express a necessity without suggesting who should deal with it. (similar to the passive infinitive)
        :red_flag: it's possibe to use need without to in questions (quite rare)
        
        I really need to/ must/ have to get some more sleep. I always exhausted.
        That poor bird - his cage really needs cleaning.
        That poor bird - his cage reallly needs to be cleaned.
        Need he really play his music so loud?
    - - be to - for an order from a person in authority.
        :check: be obliged to, (obligated to US), required to (formal)
        
        be supposed to - for less obligation (frequently ignored)
        
        be liable to (in legal context)
        
        The members of the jury are to report to the judje's chambers.
        We're obliged to contribute twenty-five per cent of the costs of the repairs.
        Motorists are required by law to wear seat belts in the European Union.
        We're supposed to leave our textbooks at school, but we often take them home.
        Anyone causing damage will be liable to pay for all necessary repairs.
  - - - present - past - future
        :pencil2: musn't (have) - ... - musn't
        :pencil2: can't - couldn't - cannot
        :pencil2: may not/is are not allowed to - was/were not allowed to - may not/ will not be alowed to
        :pencil2: shouldn't/oughn't to - shouldn't have (done) - oughtn't to have (done)
        :check: must not - a prohibition imposed by the speaker or writer
        :check: shouldn't, oughtn't to(not usedso often) - weaker, often moral prohibition.
        :check: to express prohibition by an external authority we often use other modal verbs. Must is too strong.
        :check: must not have + past participle - for a present prohibition which relates to the past (not common)
        :check: couldn't or wasn’t/weren’t allowed to - for prohibition in the past:
        :check: shouldnn't/oughtn't + past participle - to criticise a past action.
        :check: won't be allowed to/can't - prohibition in the future.
        
        You musn't touch that kettle. It's hot.
        You really shouldn't/ oughn't to speak to your mother like that!
        Guests may not use the pool after 11 p.m.
        Entrants must be aged 16 to 25 and must not have done any professional modelling.
        We couldn’t go into the disco because we were too young.
        We shouldn't have driven through that red light. You could have caused an accident,
        Let's eat before we go. We won’t be allowed to/can’t take food into the auditorium.
  - - - present - past - future
        :pencil2: do/does not have to - didn't have to - will not have to
        :pencil2: need not, do/does not need to - did not need to, need not have (done) - will not need, need not
        
        Explanation:
        :check: don't have to/ don't need to - a lack of external obligation
        :check: don't need/needn't (tends to express the speaker's personal opinion more) - absence of necessity felt by the speaker.
        :check: didn't have to / didn't need to - absence of obligation in the past
        :check: didn't need to - when we don't know if the action happened or not.
        needn't have done - when the action happened but was unnecessary
        :check: won't have to/ won't need to / needn't - for absence of obligation in the future
        
        You don't have/need to pay to visit most museums in Britain. (Entrance is free)
        We needn’t/don't need to put the heating on yet; it's not cold enough.
        You didn't have to/didn’t need to finish the washing-up. I could have done it.
        We didn’t need to take warm sweaters, as the weather was so good. (We don't know if the speaker took warm sweaters or not.)
        We needn’t have taken warm sweaters. We could have used the space in our luggage for more books! (We know that the speaker took warm sweaters.)
        With one of the new generation of food processors, cooks won’t have to/won’t need to/needn’t peel or chop any more.
  - - - present - future
        :pencil2: must - must
        :pencil2: should - should
        :pencil2: ought to - ought to
        :pencil2: had better - had better
        :check: must - strong recommendations and advice. (stressed in speech)
        :check: should / ought to - less emphatic, used with passive.
        :check: had better - expresses the best thing to do in a particular situation, has a sense of urgency and can be a warning or threat.
        
        You must do something about that cough. Please go and see the doctor.
        Children ought not to spend long periods in frons of a computer screen.
        The underlying shift in oublic opinion ought not to be exaggerated.
        Your dog had better not dig up my rose bush again!
  - - - This must be the police - It's the only restaurant in the street.
        This can't be the place - there's no one inside and there are no lights on.
        There has (got) to be some mistake. I didn't order this furniture.
        There was a terrific noise last night. It must have been an explosion.
        The Corrs' new single has been played non-stop. You must have heard it!
        I've always loved The Corrs and when I heard they had a new single out, I had to hear it.
        The plane should be landing about now.
        There shouldn't be problems with traffic at that time of the evening.
        There should be problems with traffic at that time. The roads should be awful. (Not correct).
        There'll be problems with traffic at that time. The roads will be awful.
        I don't know where our main speaker can be. He should have arrived hours ago.
- - - - will/won't
        
        He’s been found guilty of murder. He’ll be in prison for a long time.
        You must work hard for this exam. It won’t be easy.
    - - would/wouldn't
        
        We had to hurry to get him to the hospital. We knew it would be too late otherwise.
        I'm sure the Lions will win the rugby series this year - She was sure the Lions would win the rugby series.
    - - will/won't
        1) to make a confident prediction about present based on knowledge or previous or current experience.
        :warning: compare with present simple. We use present simple to state a fact without expressing an opinion as to the certainty or otherwise of the event.
        2) to say that we believe smth is certain
        :check: will, won't + be + ing - express a certainty about something ongoing
        
        Rachel's in Turkey at the moment. I hope she's taken some winter clothes because it won't be warm at this time of year.
        Janet isn't here at the moment. She’s in France. (Fact - the speaker knows it’s true.)
        It’s five o’clock. Janet’ll be in Paris now. (Certainty - the speaker believes it's true.)
        Jason is sympathetic because he knows his successor will be having a hard time at the moment.
    - - will have + past participle - to refer to something which we feel certain has happened/hasn't happened (but do not actually know).
        :warning: similar to must have + past participle
        
        won't have + past participle - to refer to something which we feel not certain has happened/hasn't happened
        :warning: we don't use mustn't have + past participle in this way. We use can't have.
        
        We sent the invitations on Monday, so they will have received (must have received)them by now. Why hasn't anyone replied?
        We sent the invitations by second-class post. They won’t have received them yet.
        We sent the invitations by second-class post. They can’t have received them yet.
  - - - will/won't
        1) actions that have become so routine that they are predictable.
        2) habits, characteristics
        3) characteristics of capacity or ability
        :warning: present simple/can is also possible
        4) describe annoying habit, make a criticism
        :warning: in this case we stress it, not contract it.
        :check: usually we criticise inanimate objects in this way.
        :warning: to state a simple fact with no or little annoyance we use present simple
        
        Every lesson is the same, he'll sit down, get his books out and then he'll start giving us instructions. He won't greet us or show any interest in us.
        
        The public will always side(sides) with the nurses in any dispute.
        The dominant male of the group will not tolerate(doesn't tolerate) the presence of other males.
        
        The public always sides with the nurses in any dispute.
        
        The Olympic stadium in Sydney will hold(can hold, holds) 110, 00 people.
        
        The Olympic stadium in Sydney will hold(can hold, holds) 110, 00 people.
        
        We enjoy hoing out with Frank and Carol, but they will argue in public!
        
        Geoff will leave the lights on when he's last of the office!
        
        Whatever I do, my car won't start first time on cold mornings.
        
        My car doesn't start/ never starts first time on cold mornings.
    - - would, wouldn't
        1) habits in the past
        2) to criticise or talk about annoying habits in the past
        :warning: we don't contract would in t his way we stress it.
        we can contract would when it's followed by an adverb
        3) to talk about inanimate object
        
        Every lesson was the same: he'd sit down, get his books out and then he'd start giving us instructions. He wonuldn't greet us or show any interest in us.
        I miss Dad, even though he would always tell me how to run my life!
        When Alan was a toddler he would cling on to me whenever a stranger came in.
        My boss was awful, he'd invariably find smth for me to do at five o'clock.
        The car would never start on winter mornings. when we were in Sweden.
  - - - will/ won't/ shan't - express willingness, refusal to do smth.
        :check: we can use it in the sence be willing to in if-clause of 1st conditional.
        
        The doctor act as a witness to your signature. She doesn't mind doing that sort of thing.
        The PA won’t book my flights. She says it isn't in her job description.
        'Go and buy some milk, will you, love?' ‘No, I shan't. I'm busy.’
        If you’ll take a seat for a moment, Mr Franks will be with you soon. (If you are willing to take a seat for a moment, ...)
    - - would/ wouldn't - to show willingness or refusal in the past
        :check: would - in the affirmative sentence, general willingness (habit)
        :warning: we don't use would in the affirmative sentence to express willingness to do smth on single occasion in the past.
        :check: would not - refusal on a single occasion in the past.
        
        Dad would always help us with our maths homework.
        The guide contacted the Consulate when I lost my passport.
        The shop assistant wouldn’t change this jumper for me, even though I hadn't worn it.
  - - - will/shall - to make offers.
        :check: will is used in affirmative
        :check: shall - in questions to make more tentative offers
        :check: would/will/won't - offer smth to another person.
        
        will - to make promices
        
        Sit down. I’ll wash up this evening.
        Your car sounds a bit rough. Harry will take a quick look at it, if you like.
        
        Shall I wash up this evening?
        
        Would you have/like some more of the pie? (neutral)
        Will you have some more of the pie? (neutral)
        Won’t you have some more of the pie? (more encouraging)
        
        My government will turn round the economy and reduce unemployment.
    - - shall we (in question) - to make suggestion
        
        question word + shall - to ask for suggestion
        :fountain_pen: US uses should in preference to shall for suggestions.
        :warning: shall in question tag after let's
        
        would - in sugestions or responding to invitations to be more tentative.
        
        Shall we go out for a curry tonight? (= Why don't we ...?/How about...?)
        
        What shall we do about Tom if he doesn’t get into a university?
        
        Let's decide what to do this evening. Should we go bowling?
        
        Let’s forget about it now and talk about something else, shall we?
        
        It would be a good idea to get together one evening.
        'Come to dinner on Sunday. ’ ‘That would be nice. I'll let you know.'
    - - will (informal) - used with people we know quite well.
        would (more tentative/polite) request people we don't know well.
        will you as a question tag - to make request more insistent, we don't expect the answer to be 'no'
        
        Will you give me a call when you get to the hotel?
        Would you lend me the car tomorrow night, Dad?
        Pick up my suit from the cleaner's when you're out, will you?
    - - will (formal) /shall (more formal) - orders, instructions, ecpecially in official documents
        
        shall/will - rules (of examination, competition)
        
        You will/shall all stay behind for thirty minutes and clean this room.
        The judje's decision shall be final.
    - - would/wouldn't - disagreement in a polite way
        
        I wouldn't say that.
    - - would + verbs (linking, preference) (like, love, prefer, rather ...) - express desires and preferences which we think we can realise.
        :check: would + rather
        :check: we can use an object with this form
  - - - would + be/verbs (linking, wishing) - to express a desire for the present or future. Fulfilment of the desire is impossible or improbable.
        :warning: present simple - state a simple fact
        
        would like - unfulfilled desire
        :warning: present simple - talk about things we currently like and do.
        
        wish + would - express a desire for another person (not) to do smth.
        
        It would be so nice to live by the sea. (I don't live by the sea)
        I would prefer to be a man. (I'm a woman)
        It is nice to lice by the sea.
        I like to stay in five-star hotel. ( I do stay in five-star hotel and enjoy it)
        I wish you wouldn't talk with your mouth full.
    - - would, wouldn't + have + past participle
        :warning: Br Eng uses the perfect infinitive
        
        It would have been a good idea to notify anyone in advance.
        (the person didn't notify anyone in advance)
        It would have been a good idea to have notified anyone in advance.
- - - - can/can't/cannot
        1) a possesion/lack of ability in the present.
        2) before sence verbs
        
        be able to
        1) describe present ability which is surprising or involves overcoming some difficulty.
        2) a future ability
        3) in situation where can/could is grammatically impossible.
        :warning: can't be used in the passive
        :check: unable to (formal English)
        
        manage to / succeed in + ing (formal english)
        1) to emphasise the difficulty or to suggest a great effort (in present, past, future)
        :!: can be used in the past
        
        She can speak Spanish but she can’t speak Italian.
        I think I can smell something burning in the kitchen.
        
        Despite his handicap he is able to drive a car.
        Will I be able to speak fluently by the end of the course?
        I haven’t been able to drive since I dislocated my wrist, (with the perfect aspect)
        We love being able to talk the local language, (with -ing forms and infinitives)
        The lawyer was unable to persuade the jury of her client’s innocence.
        
        Do you think she’ll manage to get a visa?
        The army succeeded in defeating their enemy.
    - - could
        1) a possession/lack of an ability or success in the past.
        2) before sence verbs
        3) in questions with only/hardly
        
        was/were able to
        1) describe past ability or a lack of ability
        2) the successful use of an ability on a specific occasion.
        
        could/might have + past participle
        1) to describe a past ability which wasn't used or a past opportunity which wasn't taken.
        2) to make a criticism
        :check: could/might have + past participle + comparative adj - to emphasise a past action or feeling.
        
        Mozart could play the piano at the age of five.
        Could you fix the computer yourself?' 'No, I could only back up the key files.'
        She was so exhausted she could hardly speak.
        
        Mike's car broke down but fortunately he was able to repair it.
        
        I might have gone to university after keaving school but I chose to get a job unstead.
        You might/could have told me about the party.
        They couldn't have tried harder to make me feel welcome. (=they tried very hard).
        I couldn't have been more pleased when I heard about your results - congratulations! (I was very pleased)
  - - - can / may(in scientific and academic English)
        1) describe things which are generally possible (we know they sometimes happen)
        
        may, might, could
        1) meaning 'perhaps', 'maybe'
        2) make a deducation based on evidence or on our experience.
        :check: may, might, could + well - if we think that the possibility is quite strong.
        
        сould, might
        1) describe possibilities which depend on certain condition.
        
        сan, could
        1) specific possibilities in wh- questions or with adverbs such as only or hardly
        
        might
        1) more tentative (less direct) questions
        
        сan't, couldn't
        1) things which we know are impossible and we make negative deducation
        2) smth is impossible because we are unwilling to do it.
        
        may not, might not
        1) think that smth is possibly not the case
        :check: in spoken English we often contract might not - mightn't
        don't contract may not
        
        Drinks in restaurants can be very expensive. (Drinks are sometimes expensive)
        Over-prescribing of antibiotics may lead to the rapid developmentof resistant strains.
        
        There may be life on Mars.
        The rash could be a symptom of smth more serious.
        
        He always wears smart suits. He could be a businessman
        Why isn't she here yet? I don't know. The train may be running late.
        
        Don't worry, the contract could well be in the post. (it's probably in the post)
        
        She could learn much more quickly if she paid attention. (She would be able to learn more quickly...)
        
        Who can'could that be at this time of night.
        It can only be Steve. He's the only one with a key.
        
        Might the losses be due to currency fluctuation?
        
        You can't get blood out of a stone. (I'm sure about this)
        He couldn’t be a doctor, he isn't wearing a white coat. (I’m certain he isn’t ...) I couldn’t pick up a spider; they terrify me.
        
        The shops may not / might not be open today; it's a bank holiday. (Perhaps they are not open.)
    - - 1
        :pencil2: could / might (in scientific and academic English) - general possibility in the past (things which sometimes happened)
        :pencil2: could / might have - specific past possibility
        :pencil2: might have - a past opportunity which we know was not taken
        :pencil2: can't have / couldn't have - express a negative deducation
        :pencil2: may not have / might not have - when we are less certain in a negative deduction
        :pencil2: can't have / couldn't have - surprise or disbelief
        
        1) Teachers could be very strict at my old school. (Sometimes they were strict.)
        Wealthy Victorian families might keep as many as a dozen indoor servants
        John could have posted the letter. (I’m not sure whether he did or not.)
        She might have done it; she had the opportunity and the motive. (Perhaps she did it ...)
        I might have gone to drama school, but my parents wouldn't let me. (I had the opportunity but I didn't go.)
        She can’t have fixed the computer, it’s still not working properly. (I'm sure she didn’t fix it.)
        We’d better phone them, they might not have heard the news. (Perhaps they haven’t heard the news yet.)
        She couldn’t have done it; she's such a nice woman.
    - - will / won't be able to - if we are certain that smth wil be possible or impossible.
        
        may, might, could (weaker possibility than may, might) - for predictions when we are less certain that smth will happen.
        
        may, might have + past participle - possible completed action by a time in th future
        
        We’ll be able to travel to the moon, but we won’t be able to travel to Mars.
        The directors may call a stockholders' meeting. (Perhaps they will call a meeting.)
        You never know, she could meet someone suitable tomorrow. (It’s possible, but unlikely.)
        Call me next Tuesday; I might have finished the project by then.
  - - - can / could / be able to - to describe possible arrangements for a time in the future.
        
        may / might - uncertain arrangement
        
        The doctor could see you at six, he can't see you before then as he's too busy.
        The dentist might be free to see you immediately after lunch.
    - - from less formal at the top to more formal
        can
        could
        may
        might
        :check: can/could always - for alternative or more tentative suggestion.
        :check: might as well - when we want to make a suggestion with a meaning ' there is no better choice available
        
        offers
        Can I help you?
        We could do that for you.
        May I help you?
        Might I be of some assistance?
        
        requests
        Can you close the window?
        Could you pass me the salt?
        You might get me some milk while you're there.
        
        suggestions
        We can try that new cafe.
        You could lose some weight.
        You might give John a ring.
        
        We could always go to the Italian place.
        
        Now the children have left we might as well sell the house and get something smaller.
  - - - can/can't ; may/may not (more formal situation) - for permission granted or refused by the person being asked and for permission subject to some externalauthority such as the law.
        
        could / might - to ask for permission in more tentative way.
        
        Can I use your phone? Yes, of course you can.
        May I interrupt?
        You can't smoke on the underground.
        Candidates may not bring calculators into the examination room.
        Excuse me, could I leave my coat here?
        Might I ask the court for an adjournment at this point?
    - - could/couldn't - general permission.
        
        was/were allowed to - permission on a specific occasion
        
        In the 1950s Briitish children could leave school at the age of fourteen.
        I was allowed to leave early yesterday.