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PAPER :pen:, -[ ] On the whole, what characterised the tension between the…

- - - - For instance, the non-Muslim communities were warned not to use Greek or Armenian in their official correspondence.
  - - - There is a difference between the teaching of Turkish in elementary education and its adoption as a general language of instruction. The state opted for the former in the aftermath of 1908. The overall educational policy of the second constitutional period, however, allowed the use of local languages as well
        
        This demonstrates that assimilation was not the primary objective. Rather, the integration of the society into the imperial administrative and social system remained the primary purpose.
    - - economic boycotts against non-Muslims
      - the settlement and forced-migration policies.(Greeks, Armenians)
        
        Second Balkan War - 1913 - 48k muslims came Anatolia
        
        Although the actual content of this law did not directly target the Armenians, they were the first group to be expelled (Du ̈ ndar 2001: 64). This was perhaps one of the most dramatic events of the twentieth century because the Armenian deportation practically resulted in the massacre of thousands of people. Greeks were the other group to be relocated. The government did not issue any special instruction for their relocation. A number of them were transferred to the inner regions of Anatolia and some of them were driven out to Greece. According to the estimation of Stephen Ladas, in 1914, 115,000 Greeks were driven out of Eastern Thrace and sought refuge in Greece; 85,000 Greeks from the same region were deported to the interior of Anatolia; and 150,000 of them were ejected from the coastal region of Western Anatolia and fled to the shores of Greece (Ladas 1932: 16).
        
        First of all, it is important to distinguish wartime measures from the deliberate policy of nation-building in Anatolia. The deported Greeks and Armenians had inhabited very sensitive regions. Eastern Anatolia where the Armenians lived was crucial in the face of the Russian expansion during the war. Likewise, the expelled Greeks resided mainly in the western coasts of Anatolia, which were ominously close to Greece’s sphere of influence. Seen from this aspect, the relocation of these two communities had strategic importance for Ottoman military goals. Therefore, it is not easy to distinguish whether their deportation was motivated by the nationalist objective of homogenising Anatolia or whether they were purely strategic military acts.
        
        Different linguistic and ethnic groups were subject to different settlement policies.
        
        The Young Turks also desired to homogenise Kurds, Arabs and other subjects of the empire on the basis of Turkishness. Nevertheless, only those who immigrated to or resided in the blurred boundaries of Anatolia were targeted by the Young Turks’ Turkifying device.
  - - - However, the Ottomanist spirit of the second constitutional period started to change in the perception of various nationalities when they confronted the centralising policies put into practice by the CUP.
        
        if there was one shift in the implementation of the centralisation policies between 1908 and 1913, it stemmed from this understanding of Ottomanism.
      - the primary goal of the law in question was by no means the cultural assimilation of sundry communities into Turkishness. Above all, it aimed to prevent the evolution of ethnic awareness of the nationalities into political programmes
- - - - Ottoman conscription served the re-Islamization of Ottoman identity rather than creating a secular Ottoman citizenry