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Emerging Adulthood, Universal-Love, Gender Difference and Which Era? Which…
Emerging Adulthood
Biosocial Development
Three protective functions
Organ Reserve-the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability.
Homeostasis-the adjustment of all of the body's systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium. As the body ages, it takes longer for these homeostatic adjustments to occur.
Allostasis-a dynamic body adjustment, related to homeostasis, that affects overall physiology over time. The main difference is that homeostasis requires an immediate response, whereas allostasis requires longer term adjustment.
Allostatic load-the stresses of basic body systems that burden overall functioning, eventually causing hypertension, obesity and diabetes.
If poor sleep quality is typical every day in youth, then appetite, mood and activity adjust to achieve homeostasis, while allostatic load rises. By mid and late adulthood, years of inadequate sleep reduce overall health.
Nutrition-If severe malnutrition characterized fetal or infant development, later on the person might eat too much, becoming obese. Childhood obesity increases the risk of adult obesity.
Ideal weight; set point-a particular body weight that an individual's homeostatic processes strive to maintain.
Body mass index (BMI)-the ratio of a person's weight in kilograms divided by his or her height in meters squared
Activity
Exercise protects against serious illness lifelong, even if a person smokes and overeats.
Reduces blood pressure, strengthens the heart and lungs and makes depression, osteoporosis, diabetes, arthritis, major neurocoginive disorder, and some cancers less likely.
Aerobic Exercise, Muscle-strengthening exercise
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Taking Risks
Having sex with no condoms, not wearing a seat belt, carrying a loaded unlocked guy, overdose on drugs
Substance use disorder (SUD)-the ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological or psychological well-being
Drug addiction-a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the individual's system produces a drive-physiological,physiological, or both-to ingest more of the drug.
Sex
The sexual reproductive system is at its most efficient during emerging adulthood; conception is quicker; miscarriage less common; serious birth complications unusual; orgasms more frequent; and testosterone (the hormone associated with sexual desire) higher for both sexes
Emotional stress caused by sexual activity; reproduction, relationship, recreation
Diathesis-stress model-the view that psychological disorders such as schizophrenia, are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability(the diathesis) and stressful environmental factors and life events
NEET(not in education, employment, or training)-refers to older adolescents and young adults who are not in any future-oriented programs and are not employed. This is a new term, because the economic recession that began in about 2007 led to a sizable number of NEET people, with many social problems.
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Cognitive Development
Stage approach, psychometric approach, information-processing approach
Postformal thought-a proposed adult stage of cognitive development following Piaget's four stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical (more capable of combining contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole)
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Stereotype threat-the thought in a person's mind that their appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitudes.
Dialectical Thought-the most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis. Dialectical thought makes possible an ongoing awareness of pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, possibilities and limitations
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Antithesis-a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking.
Synthesis-a new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking.
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Measuring Moral Growth
Defining Issues Test (DIT)-a series of questions developed by James Rest and designed to assess respondents' level of moral development by having them rank possible solutions to moral dilemmas.
Psychosocial Development
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Six Possible Interests; John Holland-Social, Enterprising, Conventional, Realistic, Investigative, and Artistic
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Plasticity genes-genes and alleles that make people more susceptible to environmental influences, for better or worse. This part of differential sensitivity
Intimacy versus isolation-the 6th of Erikson's eight stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound loneliness and isolation
Linked lives-lives in which the success, health, and well-being of each family member are connected to those of other members. This includes those of another generation, as in the relationship between parents, grandparents, and children
Parental financial support is slowed down and parental emotional support remains the same and heightens under stressful life experiences
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Universal-Love
Robert Sternberg-three distinct aspects of love; passion, intimacy, and commitment
Passion is falling in love, an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, Ecstasy, and euphoria.
Intimacy is knowing someone well, sharing secrets as well as sex.
Commitment takes times and effort. It grows through decisions to be together, mutual care giving, shared possessions, and forgiveness
With time, passion may fade, intimacy may grown and stabilize, and commitment may deepen
Hookups-a sexual encounter between two people who are not in a romantic relationship. Neither intimacy nor commitment is expected.
Choice overload-having so many possibilities that a thoughtful choice becomes difficult. This is particularly apparent when social networking and other technology make many potential romantic partners available.
Cohabitation-an arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married.
Homogamy-defined by develop-mentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
Heterogamy-defined by develop-mentalists as marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interests, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
Demand/withdraw interaction-a situation in a romantic relationship wherein one partner wants to address an issue and the other refuses, resulting in opposite reactions-one insistent on talk while the other cuts short the conversation
Situational couple violence-fighting between romantic partners that is brought on more by the situation than by the deep personality problems of the individuals. Both partners are typically victims and abusers.
Intimate terrorism-a violent and demeaning form of abuse in a romantic relationship, in which the victim(usually female) is frightened to fight back, seek help, or withdraw. In case, the victim is in danger of physical as well as psychological harm.
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Availability error-the human tendency to remember dramatic events or individuals, not the quiet people or more common events
Social norms approach-a method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults' desire to follow social norms by making them aware, through the use of surveys, of the prevalence of various behaviors within their peer group.
CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adulthood)-organ reserve allows individuals to function quite well. However, each year their allostatic load increased, unless their daily habits changed.
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Helicopter Parents-the label used for parents who hover over their emerging adult children. The term is pejorative, but parental involvement is sometimes helpful
Factors that lead to improvement in a relationship are good communication, financial security and the end of addiction or illness
Factors that lead to stress a marriage are children, with young infants and early adolescents particularly trying for both parents