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KMF2024: Research Methodology, Definition - Coggle Diagram
KMF2024: Research Methodology
Quanlitative Research
Steps
Review of Research
Provide a frame of mind, justify the viability
Selecting Participants
Factors affected
Participant availability, interest
The extent to which the selected participants represent
the range of potential participants in the setting
Researcher's time, money
Redundancy of the information gathered from the
participants (data saturation)
Identify Research Topics
Topics tend to be generally stated
Strategies to narrow the scale of a qualitative study
Examine the literature of determine the scale of topic
Look for potential problems during the early steps of the research
Narrow the number of participants to save time and analyses
Share the research work with a colleague
Narrow the audience to be addressed
Obtain the advice of more experienced qualitative researches
Narrow the time or resource of topic
Collecting Data
Observation
Participant Observer
External or nonparticipant observer
Interviews
Structured - A specified set of questions to be asked
Unstructured - Questions being prompted by the flow of the interview
Semistructured - Combine both approaches
Analysing Data
Reading / memoing
Describing what is going on in the setting
Classifying research data
Interpreting
Report, Evaluating and interpreting Research
Approaches
Ethology
Identify the origins, characteristics, and culture of different
societies compare to one another
Ethnography
Identify the cultural patterns and perspectives of this group
in its natural setting
Characteristics
Natural setting, not in a laboratory
Involves intimate, face-to-face
interaction with participants
Presents an accurate reflection of participants' perspectives and behaviours
Uses inductive, interactive and recursive data collection and analytic strategies to build local cultural theories
Uses multiple data sources (Qualitative and Quantitative data)
Case Study
Identify characteristics of this particular entity,
phenomenon, or person
Ethnomethodology
Identify the concepts of people make sense of their everyday activities in order to behave in socially accepted ways
Grounded theory
Identify the concepts of an inductively derived theory about a phenomenon grounded in the data in a particular setting
Observation and interviews
Phenomenogy
Identify the experience of an activity or concept from these
particular participants’ perspective
Symbolic interaction
Identify the ways in how do people construct meanings and shared perspectives by interacting with others
Action Research
Identify the ways in how can practitioners solve or understand an identified problem and improve practice based on data they have collected and analysed
Systematic inquiry
Done by practitioners - collect and study data that can help them to both understand and improve practice
Less formal
Historical Research
Identify the ways in how does one systematically collect and evaluate data to understand and interpret past events
Definition
A study that capture human meanings of social life
A study that show perspectives of research participants towards events, bliefs or practices
Connection with first half Semester
Ethics
Debriefing
Deception
Confidentiality
Withdrawal from the investigation
Coercion
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Samplings Method
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Research Process
Same with process in the research
Action Research
A structured process in which practitioners identify, examine and improve aspects of their practice
Help to make informed decisions
An approach designed to develop and improve practice
Can be collected using Quantitative data or Qualitative data
Characteristics
Consideration
Change
Concern
Commitment
Collaboration
Steps
Identify a topic or issue to study
Conducting a literature review
To learn more about the topic
Provide ideas for strategies in identifying promising practices
Developing research question
Must relate directly to the identified topic
Generalisation is not the focus
Good action research topic
Important to the practitioners
Relevant to their professional lives
Collect data related to the chosen topic or issue
Analyse and interpret the collected data
Carry out action planning, which represents the application of the action research results
Connection with first half Semester
Ethics
Debriefing
Deception
Confidentiality
Withdrawal from the investigation
Protection from harm
Coercion
Informed consent
Samplings Method
Stratified sampling
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
Research Process
Same with process in the research
Quantitative Research
Survey Research
Survey Frequency
Cross-sectional Survey
Single, stand-alone study
Limitation- It does not provide sufficient perspective to make needed decisions
Collect data from selected individuals in a single time period
Entire population- census survey
Longitudinal Survey
Collect 2 or more times to measure changes over time
Study the dynamics of an issue over time
The data collected from surveys is then statistically analyzed to draw meaningful research conclusions.
Observation
Self Report Instruments
Questionnaire
Interview
Respondents self-report their views
The process of conducting research using surveys that are sent to survey respondents.
Correlational Research
Purpose
To determine Relationship between Variables
To make Predictions by using Relationship
Process
Participant and Instrument Selection
Design and Procedure
Problem Selection
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Definition
A type of Descriptive Research
Types
Relationship Studies
Prediction Studies
Experimental Research
It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared.
Experimental Validity
Internal Validity
Basic minimum of control, measurement, analysis and procedures needed to make results of the experiment interpretable
External Validity
Deals with the extent of generalisability of the results
It completed in a controlled environment.
A study that strictly adheres to a scientific research design.
Experimental Design
Solomon Four-Group Design
A combination of the posttest-only control group design and the pretest-posttest control group design.
Factorial Design
The cells of the design are determined by the levels of the independent variables taken in combination.
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
Subjects are measured before and after receiving the experimental treatments.
Repeated Measures Design
Designs in which the same subject is measured more than once on the dependent variable.
Posttest-Only Control Group Design
Subjects are measured after experimental treatments have been applied.
Connection with first half Semester
Research Process
Same with process in the research
Ethics
Confidetiality
Debriefing
Coercion
Deception
Informed Consent
Withdrawal from the investigation
Protection from harm
Sampling Method
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Definition