QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
SURVEY RESEARCH
Experimental Design
Experimental Validity
Criteria of Well-Design
Threat to experimental validity
Adequate experimental control
Lack of artificiality
Basis of comparison
Adequate information from the data
Uncontaminated data
No confounding of relevant variables
Representativeness
Parsimony
Internal validity
External validity
Posttest - Only control group design
Pretest - Posttest control group design
Solomon Four - Group Design
Factorial design
Repeated measures design
Internal validity
External validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical regression
Differential selection of subjects
Experimental mortality or differential loss of subjects
Selection
Interaction effect of testing
Interaction effects of selection biases and the experimental treatment
Reactive effects of experimental arrangement
Multiple-treatment interference
Quasi-Experimental Research
Posttest-Only, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Pretest-Posttest, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Threat to experimental validity
Internal validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical regression
Differential selection of subjects
Experimental mortality or differential loss of subjects
Selection
External validity
Interaction effect of testing
Interaction effects of selection biases and the experimental treatment
Reactive effects of experimental arrangement
Multiple-treatment interference
Process
Problem selection
Participant and Instrument Selection
Design and Procedure
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Criteria of Well-Design
Adequate experimental control
Lack of artificiality
Basis of comparison
Adequate information from the data
Uncontaminated data
No confounding of relevant variables
Representativeness
Parsimony
Experimental Validity
Internal validity
External validity
Experimental Design
Posttest - Only control group design
Pretest - Posttest control group design
Solomon Four - Group Design
Factorial design
Repeated measures design
Quasi-Experimental Research
Posttest-Only, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Pretest-Posttest, Nonequivalent Control Group Design
Standard Error
The Null Hypothesis
Tests of Significance
Inferences of population based on samples
Chances of any sample being exactly identical to its population are virtually nil
Sampling error
Hypothesis testing
Null hypothesis
decide whether to reject the null hypothesis
need a preselected probability level
Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Tests
Two-tailed test
One-tailed test
tests of significance are almost always two-tailed
no difference between the groups
difference can only occur in one direction
one group is not better than another
Tests of Significance: Types
t Test
Pretest-posttest
Simple (One-way) ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
Multiple Comparison Post Hoc Test
Factorial Analysis of Variance
Chi Square
for research that uses factorial design
nominal data
compares the proportions actually observed
frequencies that would be expected if the groups were equal
Preparing Data for Analysis
Scoring Procedures
Tabulation and Coding Procedures
Major Types
Measures of variability
Measures of relative position
Measures of central tendency
Measures of relationship
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of Variability
The range
Variance
The Standard Deviation (SD)
The Normal Curve
Measures of Relative Position
Skewed distributions
a variable is normally distributed, forms a normal or bell-shaped curve
Percentile Ranks
Standard Scores
Measures of Relationship
Spearman Rho
Pearson r
Collection of survey data
Survey frequency
self report instruments
observation
Cross-sectional survey
Longitudinal survey
Conducting Self-Report Research
must ask same questions
collection of such questions - questionnaire
collection of standardised, quantifiable infomation from all members of a population/sample
Conducting a questionnaire (Q) study
Constructing the Q
Selecting Participants
Stating the Problem
Paper-and-pencil Q
Criticisms
Type of Items
most surveys - structured items
unstructured items
scaled items
Important aspects of writing questionnaire
avoid jargon
be specific!
indicate a point of reference
Avoid leading questions
Avoid touchy questions
Avoid question that assumes a fact not necessarily true
Questions must be clear unambiguous
Conducting and interview study
oral, in-person administration of a Q to each member of a sample
advantages
disadvantages
may result in more accurate and honest responses
flexible
questions that cannot effectively be structured
in-depth data
followup of incomplete/unclear responses
expensive, time consuming
responses may be biased & affected by his/her reaction
requires interviewing skill
telephone interviewing
Constructing the Interview Guide
each question relates to a specific study topic
structured, semi-structured, or unstructured
all interviews
Guide
Communication During the Interview
Recording Responses
Pretesting the Interview Procedure
explain purpose of study & assure strict confidentiality
establish rapport & putting interviewee at ease
explain unclear questions
First impression – important!
sensitive to the reactions
avoid words or actions cause respondent unhappy or feel threatened
no frowns and disapproving looks