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QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a conceptual level
      - a process
      - action or a concept
    - - Constantly compares
      - Eliminates redundant results
      - Inductive
      - Theory evolves
  - - - How can I make this better?
      - Would this be better if I...?
      - Will doing this likely improves students'...?
  - - - Natural setting
      - Face-to-face interaction
      - Present reflection of participants perspective and behaviours
      - Inductive, interactive recursive data collection
      - Multiple data sources
- - - - 1 participant to 60 or 70 (multiple context)
      - Rarely more than 20
      - Factors
        
        Researcher time, money
        
        Participant availability, interest
  - - - Observation
        
        A. Participant observer
        
        B. External or nonparticipant observer
        
        Field notes
        
        Record of observer seen or heard
        
        data that will analysed
        
        Notes made in the field
        
        Memo writing
        
        Protocol
        
        Recording observation (observer reliability)
        
        Quantitative
        
        Qualitative
        
        Training
        
        Monitoring
      - Interviews
        
        Experiences and feelings
        
        data not from observation
        
        Types
        
        Semistructured
        
        Unstructured
        
        Structured
        
        Single participant
        
        Focus group
        
        Collecting data from interviews
        
        Guidelines for interviews
      - each data type share one common aspect
      - Also known as fieldwork
      - Threats to quality or observation and interviews
        
        Observer bias
        
        Observer effect
      - Strategies to enhance validity and reducing bias
        
        extend the study
        
        Include additional participants
        
        Work with other researcher
        
        Three types of Triangulation:
        
        • Comparing the result of multiple independent investigators
        
        • Comparing multiple methods of data analysis
        
        • Comparing multiple sources of data across participants, times, and sites.
  - - - Researcher only delve deep in literature when topic emerges
  - - - Lenghty and time consuming
      - Multistage process
      - Interactive process
    - - • Describing the context and participants
      - • Interpreting
      - • Classifying
      - • Data Managing
        
        Data organizing activities
        
        Once organized data analysis begin
        
        Data analysis require four interactive and repeated steps that is:
        
        • Describing what is going on in the setting
        
        Provide a true picture of the setting and event
        
        Thick description
        
        • Interpreting
        
        What are the meanings in the data?
        
        What is important in the data?
        
        Why is it important?
        
        What can be learned from it?
        
        • Reading/Memoing
        
        Initial impression
        
        • Classifying research dat
        
        Qualitative data are broken dowm
        
        Category
        
        Classification of ideas or concepts
        
        Interrelationships among these steps
        
        Not necessarily linear
        
        Logical sequence
        
        Quality
        
        Researcher (ability to integrate, analyse and classify)
      - • Reading/Memoing
  - - - Generally stated
      - Strategies to narrow the scale of a qualitative study
  - - - ongoing data analysis and interpretation
      - Quality and meaningfulness of idea
      - Verify logical connection
      - Focus on key themes
      - Straightforward language
      - More to a story than a formal report
- - - - Good Qualitative research
        
        Investigative
        
        Inductive
        
        Rigorous in research methods and data collection techniques