Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes
Self-regulation = self control
Self regulation could be symptomatic of conduct disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or depression
Self- regulation can be observed in children beginning about age 2 and increasing with age
The development of self-regulatory ability depends partly on biological factors, such as the child's temperament, and contextual factors; parenting practices and teaching strategies
Easy children are more likely to comply
Self-control is fostered by extensive verbal give-and-take, reasoning, and non-punitive adult control
Emotions play a role in self-regulatory behavior
Antisocial behavior: any behavior that harms other people, such as aggression, violence, and crime
Prosocial behavior: any behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation
Aggression: unprovoked attack, fight, or quarrel
Altruism: voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards
Causes of aggression
Biological
Social cognitive
Sociocultural
Ecoogical
Evolution
Genetics
Neuroscience
Learning theories
Information-processing theories
Attitudes
Values
Behavior patterns
Child
Family
School
Peer group
Media
Community
Pre-schoolers ages 3 to 6 begin to become less egocentric
Children learn altruistic behavior from the actions of others via learning theory
The manner in which parents exert control- reasonable versus excessive or arbitrary influences the developmental of prosocial behavior
Morality
Feeling
Reasoning
Empathy
Guilt
Ability to understand rules
Distinguish right from wrong
Take another's perspective
Generally, children's moral reasoning shifts from the belief that one is subject to external laws to the belief that one is subject to internal laws
Lawrence Kohlberg was influenced by Piaget's work
Pre-conventional level: stage of moral reasoning i which the individual considers and weighs the personal consequences of the behavior
Conventional level- stages of moral reasoning in which the individual can look beyond personal consequences and consider others' perspectives
Post-conventional level: stage of moral reasoning in which the individual considers and weighs the values behind various consequences from various points of view
Judith Smetana found that even 2 1/2 to 3 year olds distinguish between moral and conventional rules
Economic research has proposed that emotions related to morality might be important causes of strong reciprocal behavior and the willingness to sacrifice one's own resources for others
Sex typing, or classification into gender roles based on biological sex, begins at birth
Theories on how children are socialized
Psychoanalytic Theory
How one comes to feel like a male or female
Social Cognitive Theory
How one comes to behave as a male or female
Cognitive Developmental Theory
How one comes to reason about oneself as a male or female
Gender Schema Theory
How one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female
The mass media affect gender-role development by the way male and female characters are portrayed, as well as by advertising messages