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Conceptual/ enlightenment, shortcoming of existing theories of research…
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. Earning the trust of colleagues as a knowledgeable and credible information source was absent from theory, but mentioned frequently by policymakers as a contribution research makes to policymaking.
Educating others was not predicted by any theory, but was mentioned frequently by policymakers as a contribution of research
Asking important questions for policy or political purposes did not appear in any theory, but was mentioned frequently by policymakers - important way to facilitate deliberative part of the process
Improving the decision making process by enhancing debate, dialogue, collaboration, and compromise was mentioned in only one theory, (which one??) but was mentioned frequently by policymakers.
all these points lead to the idea that it may be more benefical to focus on process rather than end product - or that previously the foucs was on the end decision rather than how the decision was research - where in may lie some of the most important aspects of research use
schemas
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Schemas pre-existing beliefs - Axelrod, 1973 (How a single person makes sense of a complex environment , how they see the world- how does this person make sense of and process information?
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Instrumental use and its variants (i.e., direct use) refer to the specific use of research to solve a problem, make decisions, or complete a task.
Conceptual use and its variants (i.e., enlightenment, indirect use) refer to the more general use of research evidence to inform one’s thoughts on an issue (and according to Yanovitszky, crucially, others)
symbolic use and its variants (i.e., political, tactical, persuasive, strategic, or imposed use) refer to the use of research evidence to legitimize decisions or to redirect criticism.**
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