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‘what is the difference between an allergy and an
intolerance’s
What is a food allergy
An abnormal reaction by the immune system following consumption of a certain food.
Why do allergic reactions occur?
An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system attacks a usually harmless substance called an allergen that gains access to the body.
cross contamination
How to avoid cross-contamination
Keep foods that contain problematic allergens far from common food preparation and serving areas.
Label everything appropriately. Keep in mind that babysitters, grandparents or friends need to be able to recognize it when they are feeling the baby.
designate special food preparation areas and utensils for "allergen-free"
Keep people with food allergies safe:
Read labels, don't forget to read it.
Avoid cross-contact and cross-reactivity to avoid other food touching the food they are allergic to.
Recognise symptoms that could be a sign, the quicker you know the soon you will be able to save their life.
Prepare an emergency action plan so that you are prepared so that someone or yourself can save you.
Know how to use an auto-injector
How are people tested for allergies?
Skin testing is the most widely used and the most helpful in finding the cause of allergies.
Food intolerance – reaction to a food or an ingredient in the food product.
Symptoms could include:
Skin rashes
Abdominal pains
Babies who are weaned too early could develop food intolerance.
Common foods which can cause intolerance in children
Cow’s milk- cheese,yoghurt,
Eggs - cakes,
Tartrazine- custard or yellow dyed ice cream
Gluten - pasta,bread and cakes/biscuits
Peanut- peanut butter, biscuits, chocolate
What is a food allergy?- Food allergy is an abnormal response to a food triggered by your body's immune system. Problem foods for children can include eggs, milk, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and wheat.
What is an intolerance?- A food intolerance is difficulty digesting certain foods and having an unpleasant physical reaction to them
Explain the difference between a food allergy and an intolerance-
a food allergy is when you have a bad creation that can be life threatening and cause many problems whereas an intolerance you don't have a life threatening thing if you do eat products for example wheat.
Which is the most dangerous & why?-
The food allergy is the most dangerous as people can have really bad reactions which can go from the scale of an itchy rash to hospital to life threatening cases.
What are common allergens?
Nuts
Shellfish,
Pollen,
Pet Hair,
Eggs
Dust mites
Soy
Insect bites,
Milk,
wheat
What are common intolerances?-
dairy
, gluten,nuts,
sea food,
soy
‘How to recognise illness in a child & care for a sick
child’?
What temperature should a human be?
36.5-37.5
hoe can you tell a child is unwell
Runny nose
headache
Poor appetite
Stomach ache
When to call a doctor/ emergency help:
Very high temperature/ fever (over 39c)
A fit (febrile convulsion)
Purple/red rash won’t disappear (glass test)
Swallowed a dangerous object
Signs and symptoms of meningitis
Viral meningitis symptoms may also develop quickly or over several days. Fever, severe headache, and neck stiffness are the hallmark symptoms of meningitis. Others include: Nausea and vomiting,Confusion and disorientation (acting "goofy"),Drowsiness or sluggishness,Sensitivity to bright light,Poor appetite,More severe symptoms include seizure and coma.
‘How is immunity to disease & infection acquired’?
Microbiologic
bacteria
can multiply really quickly, not all bacteria is harmful some live in the body naturally, when bad bacteria multiples it can create harmful toxins in the body the sufferer will show signs of being ill
fungi
are small plant organisms, they cause irritations and conditions such as athlete's foot and ringworm.
virus
are very small,they live and produce into other living cells, they multiply within the call and burst spreading the infection, cannot be treated with antibiotics
genterics - Genetic disorders can cause a child to have healthy problems,examples are
Down syndrome sickle cell anaemia - heart,chest and sinus conditions - disease can get worse but getting a cold
Cystic fibrosis - difficulties breathing -chest infections - food not digested or absorbed properly - child fails to gain weight
environmental- The environment a child is brought up in and parental guidance can affect the child's health
Some factors are
lack of exersice
poor diet
animals
personal hygiene
Understand the role of childhood immunisations
vaccines/antibodies
types of
Through vaccines
Through natural immunity
Breast milk can help antibodies pass down to an unborn baby through the placenta as well some can be passed through breastfeeding for example if the mother never has had chicken pox then the antibodies won't be passed down to the child.
immunitations
Firstly it is either injected into the leg/arm or up the nose
The vaccine enters the body
Then the vaccine triggers the white blood cells to produce antibodies
The antibodies are then in the bloodstream
Antibodies fight the infections and by combining bacteria and destroy them
The routine immunisation schedule for the UK
eight weeks vacinnes to protect against
Rotavirus vaccine
Protect us fromRotavirus is a highly infectious stomach bug that typically affects babies and young children, causing diarrhoea and vomiting, tummy ache and fever.
MenB
The MenB vaccine will protect your baby against infection by meningococcal group B bacteria, which are responsible for more than 90% of meningococcal infections in young children.
6 in 1 vaccine
It's given as a single injection to protect your baby against 6 serious childhood diseases:diphtheria, hepatitis B, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), polio, tetanus, whooping cough (pertussis)
twelve week vaccinations
6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose)
Rotavirus vaccine (2nd dose)
Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine
The pneumococcal vaccine protects against serious and potentially fatal pneumococcal infections. It's also known as the pneumonia vaccine.
sixteen weeks vaccinations
MenB (2nd dose)
6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose)
1 year old
Hib/MenC
The Hib/MenC vaccine is a single injection given to 1-year-old babies to boost their protection against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis C.
MMR (1st dose)
It protects against 3 serious illnesses:
Measles, mumps and rubella (german measles These highly infectious conditions can easily spread between unvaccinated people.
Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (2nd dose)
MenB (3rd dose)
2-6 years
flu vaccination
Flu can be a very unpleasant illness for children, with potentially serious complications, including bronchitis and pneumonia.
3-4 years
MMR (2nd dose)
4-in-1 pre-school booster
The 4-in-1 pre-school booster vaccine is offered to children from the age of 3 years and 4 months to boost their protection against 4 different serious diseases, diphtheria,tetanus ,whooping cough, polio
Benefits of immunisation
The child is protect from it for life after the vaccination therefore they don't have to worry about it when they have finished with vaccination you don't have to worry about it unless you go abroad and you have to
Know what the common childhood ailments and diseases are
What is an ‘incubation period’?
Is how long the infection is there for , for example chickenpox lasts for 10-21 days. It tells us how that virus will be there for and when we expect it to be gone.
What triggers asthma?
Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
Physical activity
cold air
Respiratory infections, such as the common cold
Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke
Airborne allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander or particles of cockroach waste
What are the signs and symptoms in children?
Louder or faster than normal breathing
Frequent coughing or coughing that worsens after active play
Coughing, clear mucus and a runny nose caused by hay fever
Frequent missed school days
Limited participation in physical activities
What is the recommended treatment?
inhalers
Reliever inhalers
Preventer inhalers
Combination inhalers
tablets
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs)
Theophylline
Steroid tablets
injection
benralizumab (Fasenra)
omalizumab (Xolair)
mepolizumab (Nucala)
reslizumab (Cinqaero)
Disease/spread/sympotoms/treatment
common cold
spread by:
Airborne/ droplet & hand-to-hand contact
Incubation 1-3 days
signs and sympotoms
Sore throat, sneezing, running nose, headache, slight fever,irritability,
partial deafness
treatment: Drink plenty of fluids
chicken pox
Airborne/ droplet & direct contact Incubation 10-14 days
symptoms and signs
Slight fever, itchy rash, mild onset then child feels ill, severe headache, red spots with white centre on trunk and limbs first, blisters and pustules
treatment: Plenty of fluids, rest,calamine on rash,cut child’s nails to prevent itching- which can lead to infections
food posing
spread bye: Indirect: consuming infected food & drink Incubation 30 minutes- 36 hoursk
symptoms : Vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain
treatment: Fluid only for 24 hours,Seek medical attention if a baby if no better in 24 hours
Gastroenteritis
Direct contact,incubation period 7-14 days Indirect contact- infected food or drink Incubation 30 minutes- 36 hours
symptoms/signs Vomiting, diarrhoea, signs of dehydration
trearment: Replace fluids- water (or Dioralyte) or Seek medical attention urgently
mealses
Airborne/ droplet Incubation 7-15 days
symptoms and signs :High fever, fretful, heavy cold- running nose and discharge from eyes. Late a cough. Day 1: Kopik’s spots (clustered white lesions inside mouth) Day 4: blotchy rash begins to spread on face and body
treatment: Rest, fluids, tepid sponging, shaded room if light is uncomfortable to eyes
mumps
Airborne/ droplet: Incubation 14-21 days
symptoms and signs: Pain, swelling of jaw in front of ears, fever, eating & drinking is painful, swollen face
treatment: Fluids via straw (if old enough), hot compresses, oral hygiene
whooping cogh
Airborne/ droplet or direct contact/Incubation 7-21 days
symptoms: Snuffly cold, slight cough, mild fever,spasmodic cough with whooping sound, vomiting
treatment: Rest, feed after a coughing attack, support during an attack, steam inhalations as advised by a GP
rublella
Airborne/ droplet?Incubation 7-14 days
symptoms :Slight cold, sore throat, mild fever, swollen glands behind ears, pain in small joints,Slight pink rash starts behind ears and on forehead- not itchy
treatment:Rest, treat symptoms
scarlet fever
spread by Droplets ,Incubation 2-4 days
sympotoms ans signs: Sudden fever, loss of appetite, sore throat, pallor around mouth,Bright red pinpoint rash over face & body- may peel
tonsillitis
spread by droplets,Direct induction
signs and symptoms: Very sore throat, fever, headache, pain on swallowing, aches and pains in back and limbs
trearment: Rest, fluids, iced drinks to relieve pain, antibiotics
menigitis
Droplet/ Airborne
Incubation period 2-10 days
High temperature or fever, vomiting, drowsiness, confusion, seizures,Severe headache, stiff neck, dislike of bright lights, a skin rash of red/purple pin prick spots which will not disappear under a glass (if spots spread they resemble bruising)
treatment :Emergency medical attention needed
How can you prepare a child for a stay in hospital?
describe why a hospital stay may be a difficult experience for a child?
It may be a difficult experience for a child as it may be stressful as they may feel uncomfortable as there would be alot of people seeing you especially if it is a more serious illness and they have had a bad experience before then they may not want to go back in.
What might happen when a child returns home from a hospital stay?
Children might need to rest and take medicine as it may help with pain or infections they may have and have a lot of fluids and make sure they don't have a temperature and keep them cool.
how can you prepare a child for hospital stay?
Role play doctors & nurses
Books about hospitals
Visit to the hospital ward to ease the transition
Watch child friendly TV programmes
Talk to them & explain
Let them pack their bag
Tell their teacher & friends so they can also talk about it
Understand dietary deficiencies and obesity
What happens if you get a lack of
Vitamin A- may lead to skin conditions and vision impairment
Vitamin B- may lead to anemia and wasting of the muscle
Vitamin C- leads to decrease of resistance to infection and can result in scurvy
Vitamin D- may lead to bones which do not harden properly(rickets) and tooth decay
Vitamin E- delayed blood clotting
Vitamin K- lead to excessive bleeding due to delayed blood clotting, usually given to maybes after birth as sometimes seen in newborns rare in adults
Calcium- may lead to rickets and tooth decay
Iron- may lead to anemia