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Urban Issues and Challenges :cityscape: - Coggle Diagram
Urban Issues and Challenges :cityscape:
Urbanisation :city_sunset::chart_with_upwards_trend:
factors affecting urbanisation
:sunrise_over_mountains::arrow_right:Push Factors
Poor crop yields
Inadequate services (ie. no doctors)
Desertification
Isolated communities
Floods
Basic education
:cityscape::arrow_left:Pull Factors
Better services (eg. healthcare)
More employment opportunities
More entertainment
Better education
Public transport
Natural Increase
Megacities :city_sunrise:
Slow-growing
Features
No squatter settlements
Population 70%+ urban
Examples
Tokyo :flag-jp:
Moscow :flag-ru:
Osaka-Kobe :flag-jp:
Los Angeles :flag-us:
Locations
Europe :flag-eu:
North America :earth_americas:
South-East Asia :earth_asia:
Growing
Locations
South-East Asia :earth_asia:
South America :earth_americas::
Features
Under 20% in squatter settlements
Population 40-50% urban
Examples
Rio de Janeiro :flag-br:
Shanghai :flag-cn:
Beijing :flag-cn:
Mexico City :flag-mx:
Rapidly growing
Features
Over 20% in squatter settlements
Population <50% urban
Examples
Lagos :flag-ng:
Mumbai :flag-in:
Jakarta :flag-id:
Manila :flag-ph:
Locations
Africa :earth_africa:
South/South-East Asia :earth_asia:
Rio case study :flag-br:
Rio's Environment :recycle:
Challenges :warning:
Air pollution :fog:
5,000 deaths/year
Heavy congestion causes build-up of exhaust fumes
Atlantic mist combines with exhaust fumes to create dense smog.
Water pollution :potable_water:
55 rivers enter Guanabara Bay, most of them heavily contaminated.
Commercial fishing has declined by 90% in the last 20 years due to pollution
Open sewers in the favelas run into the rivers
200 tonnes of raw sewage runs into Guanabara Bay daily
Ships empty their fuel tanks into the bay due to lack of facilities
Oil spills occur infrequently from the Petrobas oil refinery
Eutrophication in the Lagoa Rodrigo channel
Waste pollution :wastebasket:
Many favelas have inadequate roads, making waste collection difficult or impossible
Lots of waste dumped in rivers, which flows out to Guanabara Bay
Solutions :check:
Air pollution :fog:
Expansion of the metro system :metro:
Making coast roads one-way to improve traffic flow
New toll roads into the city centre
Water pollution :potable_water:
Ships are fined for illegally dumping fuel in the bay
12 new sewage works built
5km of new sewage pipes installed
Waste pollution :wastebasket:
New biogas power plant at the University of Rio
Consumes 30 tonnes of waste/day
Produces enough electricity for 1,000 homes
Rio's challenges :warning:
Social :silhouettes:
Challenges :warning:
High levels of unemployment
High crime rate
Lots of violent crime
Electricity shortages
Solutions :check:
Further education available for adults
Pacifying Police Units established
60km of new power lines
Economic :moneybag:
Challenges :warning:
2015 recession
Many work in the informal sector
No holiday / sick pay
No stable pay
Don't pay taxes
Vicious economic divide
Income of the poorest 50% is equal to 13% of the total income
Richest 1% earns 12% of the entire city's income
Solutions :check:
"Schools of Tomorrow" programme
Education to reduce youth unemployment
In poor and violent areas of the city
The city now provides 6% of Brazil's employment
Rio has the highest incomes per head in the country
Rio's favelas :derelict_house_building:
Location :pushpin:
25% on city outskirts
Up to 40km from the city centre
60% are in the suburbs
Population :silhouettes:
Pop. densities of up to 37,000 per square km
22% of Rio's population lives in favelas
Challenges :warning:
Poor services
Not even acknowledged until 1980
Improving the favelas :heavy_plus_sign:
Cable car system :mountain_cableway:
6km takes 15mins
1 ticket ≈ €0,50
Closed in 2016 due to financial trouble, and hasn't reopened
Favela Bairro project
Successes :+1::skin-tone-3:
New health and leisure facilities
Hillsides secured to prevent landslides
Access to improved sanitation
Paved and formally named roads
Access to credit for home improvements
Pacifying Police Units established
Failures :-1::skin-tone-3:
Newly-built infrastructure was not maintained
Rise in rent in the poorest favelas
The budget of US$1bn was not enough to cover all favelas
:flag-gb:UK Urban Change
UK Major cities :house_buildings:
Major cities
Ports :ship:
Liverpool
Bristol
London
Mining cities :pick:
Leeds
Newcastle
Swansea
Sheffield
Modern employment :office:
London (& the South-East)
Population density
Average = 259 per km^2
Lowest (Scottish Highlands/ Eileen Siar) = 9 per km^2
Highest (Islington) = 14,517 per km^2