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Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes - Coggle Diagram
Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes
Self-Regulation of Behavior
Self-regulation (or self-control) refers to the ability to regulate or control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression
Anti-social behavior-harms other people, such as aggression, violence, and crime.
To behave appropriately, children have to have the cognitive maturity to understand that they are separate, autonomous beings with the ability to control their own actions.
Prosocial behavior- benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation.
Antisocial Behavior: Aggression
childhood aggression, especially hostile aggression, often forecasts later maladaptive outcomes, such as delinquency and criminality
Evolution- a life instinct (Eros), which causes the person to grow and survive, and a death instinct (Thanatos), which works toward the individual’s self-destruction.
Behavioral tendencies that might be influenced genetically include impulse control, frustration tolerance, and activity level
neuroscience- , researchers have uncovered specific brain chemicals that can be manipulated to control different kinds of aggression in humans.
Learning Theory- behavior that is reinforced (rewarded) will be repeated; behavior that is not reinforced (ignored or punished) will cease (but may be suppressed).
Prosocial Behavior: Altruism
Altruistic behavior begins to appear during the preschool years
Children learn altruistic behavior from the actions of others via learning theory (consequences and modeling), instruction, and learning by doing
direct reinforcement (reward for an altruistic act) or vicarious reinforcement (observing someone else engaging in the act and getting reinforced for it) encourages altruism
Morals and Morality
Morality involves feeling, reasoning and behaving
Moral Development
Piaget’s Theory
defined morality as “the understanding of and adherence to rules through one’s own volition.
heteronomous morality—rules are moral absolutes that cannot be changed
autonomous morality—rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them
Kohlberg’s theory
t there was no consistent relationship between parental conditions of child rearing and various measures of conscience or internalized values, because morality cannot be imposed; it has to be constructed as a consequence of social experiences
6 stages of moral development
Influences on Moral Development
The situation an individual is in often influences actual moral behavior.
Age of child
cultural orientation
temperament, self-control, self-esteem, intelligence and education, social interaction, and emotions affect moral development
one’s moral code develops through social interaction
Gender Roles and Sex Typing
sex-typing begins at birth
Psychoanalytic theory- how one comes to feel like a male or female
Social cognitive theory- how one comes to behave like a male or female
cognitive Developmental theory- how one comes to reason about oneself as a male or female
Gender schema theory deals with how one comes to process information about oneself as a male or female by perceiving and interpreting gender-linked information
Socialization Influences on Gender-Role Development
Family dynamics and experiences are linked to individual differences in boys’ and girls’ gendered behavior.
Peers begin to exert influence during preschool and become increasingly important during elementary school and high school. For example, peers encourage both boys and girls to play with gender-appropriate toys and actively punish (ridicule and tease) play with toys considered appropriate for the opposite gender, especially among boys
Schools provide a number of gender-related messages to children, some intentional and some unintentional
. The community’s attitudes on gender roles affect what behaviors it reinforces and punishes in children
The mass media affect gender-role development by the way male and female characters are portrayed, as well as by the advertising messages