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Reasons for the downfall of the Roman Republic, key individuals - Coggle…

- - - - reverse the drift of unemployed to the cities and increse the number of property holders to build up the army in quantity and quality
    - - T was serving the interests of the Claudian faction in trying to take land from their rivals; T and his supporters were trying the upset the equilibrium of power
      - presented the lex agraria directly to the People's Assembly without consulting the Senate
        
        challenged the precedent of senatorial authority and threatened the balance of the constitution
        
        Smith he behaved in a way that was fundamentally irresponsible
        chapter 2 pg.2
      - refused to allocate the funds for the legislation after the bill was passed
  - - - opposition
        
        in absence to found new colony the senate attacked him
        
        tribune M. Livius Drusus put forward more attractive proposals to the plebeians
        
        offer of citizenship triggered xenophobia
        
        L. Opimius said he would repeal Gaius' reforms if elected
      - brought the Equites into politics
        
        Bradley a third political force chapter 2 pg.4
        
        tax reforms gave them more power; rising politicians had to appeal to this group to reach the highest office
  - - - gave Rome a permanent and professional army
      - necessity to provide for soldiers in retirement but the Senate refused responsibility; soldiers became dependent on their generals for pensions and thus not loyal to the state
        
        Bradley this had disastrous consequences for Rome, since the emergence of a series of ambitious and powerful generals backed by loyal armies, became a threat to the very existence of the state
        chapter 3 pg.2
  - - - the Senate's approval was now necessary before legislation was presented to the people - undermined powerful individuals who used popularity
    - - right to veto was limited
    - - lex villian annalis
        
        regulated minimum age requirements for holding office; treason law forbade provincial governors from leaving their provinces alone, with their armies or declare war on foreign enemies without the permission of the Senate
    - - forbid open electoral bribery; abolished the distribution of cheap grain
  - - - censors revised teh Senatorial list and removed 64 members; new members were enrolled
    - - now composed of equal numbers of Senators, Equites and the tribuni aerarii* (a social group below the Equites in wealth)
  - - - command awarded to Pompey; 500 ships, 120,000 troops, 5000 cavalry
  - - - Catalus I for my part, assert first and foremost that it is not proper to entrust to any one man so many positions of command after another. This has not only been foprbidden by the laws but has been found by experience to be the most perilous. What made Marius what he became was practically nothing else than being entrusted with so many wars in the shortest space of time
        chapter 5 pg.8
      - Cicero The war under discussion, then, is so necessary that it cannot be avoided and so important that it requires the utmost care... to entrust its conduct to a commander whose remarkable military knowledge is only equalled by his extraordinary personal gifts, outstanding prestige and pre-eminent good fortune
        chapter 5 pg.9
  - - - for Pompey's veterans; eastern settlement was made officially valid
      - lex Campania
        
        provided for the public lands in Italy to be divided and given to the urban poor
    - - Plutarch Caesar "turned his Consulship into a kind of tribunate"
        chapter 7 pg.6
    - - the equestrians received a 1/3 tax rebate
- - - - Bradley "Senate's power was based not on law, but purely on custom, precedent and the prestige of its individual members" chapter 1 pg.5
    - - Novus Homos emerged in the middle/late years of the Republic but they would still need the patronage of a leading Nobile family; never socially accepted in the highest ranks of the nobility
        
        Bradley most were men of exceptional ability and ambition who were in the right place at the right time
        chaper 1 pg.6
        
        being born into a low class was more damaging than allegations of immorality or corruption
        
        Cicero after being elected Consul I am the first new man, after a very long interval, almost more remote than our times can remember, whom you have made Consul; that position which the nobility held secured by guards and fortified in every way, you have broken open, and have shown your desire that it should in future be open to merit, allowing me to take the lead
        chapter 6 pg.3
    - - referred to as the Nobiles, could count a consul among their descendants
      - only believed in serving the state, improving family's fama, dignitas, and gloria
        
        Syme it was out of ambition of the Roman aristocrat to maintain his dignitas, pursue gloria and display magnitudo animi; his sacred duty to protect his friends and clients and secure their advancement, whatever their status in life. Fides, libertas and amicitia were qualities valued by the governing class
        chapter 1 pg.5
  - - - Stockton they were no small force in public affairs and indispensable to the working of the machinery of Empire
        chapter 1 pg. 7
    - - senatorial classes in Rome did not like the idea of equestrians holding key offices; Cicero was never fully accepted amongst the higher classes
  - - - Plutarch in 64 "Rome herself was ripe for revolution because of the vast inequality of wealth"
        chapter 6 pg.5
    - - Populares
        
        group of politicians who aimed to appeal to the mob
        
        opposed by the Optimates who feared this would upse the consensus on which the republic functioned
        
        Polybius Whenever one of the three elements swells in importance, beomes over ambitious and tends to encroach upon the others...the designs of any one can be blocked or impeded by the rest, with the result that none will unduly dominate the others or treat them with contempt. Thus the whole situation remains in equilibrium since any agressive impulse is checked, and each state is apprehensive from the outset of censure from the others
        chapter 1 pg.9
- - - - threw off the equilibrium of power - Tiberius, Gaius
    - - Bradley the Senate Oligarchy were "more interested with their own material interests and gloria than the welfare of the republic"
        chapter 2 pg.2
    - - Shotter each contained groups of factions and ambitious individuals whose objectives remained unchanged: the acquisition and use of power
        chapter 2 pg.4
  - - - M's appointment was an illegal act; overturned the Senate's right to appoint military leaders and allocate commands
    - - illegal; had not waited ten years after holding office; wasn't present at the election
      - served successive consulships 104-100
    - - M was jealous of his subordinate and protégé
        
        Plutarch chapter 3 pg.4
      - believed his mentor was holding him back and trasnferred to the staff of Catalus
      - S became Consul in 88 and was granted the province of Asia and command against Mithridate for the following year
        
        M became openly hostile
        
        Plutarch chapter 3 pg.4
        
        S was gaining the fame and glory that challenged M's achievements
        
        M challenged S's right to command against Mithridates; allied with P. Sulpicius Rufus
        
        M used the power of the Tribunate to further his position; on the side of the populares and the optimates were worried he was working to overthrow the constitution
        
        using the threat of violence
        
        Plutarch Sculpicius surrounding himself with "3000 swordsmen"
        chapter 3 pg.4
        
        S and Pompeius Rufus called for the suspension of public business to defeat Sculpicius; violence in the forum and S fled to join his army
        
        S marched on Rome with 6 legions; M and Sculpicius fled with no army; Sculpicius captured and killed, M escaped to Africa
        
        3 more items...
  - - - the Senate gave Pompey Propraetorian authority to legitimise his command
    - - only given to Consuls or Praetors, would undermine the restatement of the lex villia annalis
      - Pompey to Sulla more people worshipped the rising than the setting sun
        chapter 4 pg.2
        
        Pompey was granted a triumph, first and last Roman knight to celebrate a triumph
    - - Lepidus and his legate Junius Brutus raised armies to march on Rome, the Senate called on Pompey to intercept them
        
        Catulus defeated Lepidus, Pompey besieged Brutus andf ordered his death
        
        acting w/o the authority of the Senate
        
        refused to disband his army at Catulus' order
        
        given illegal command from the Senate with proconsular imperium to fight the Marian leader, Sertorius
    - - Catalus this has not only been forbidden by the laws, but has been found by experience to be the most perilous
        chapter 5 pg.8
      - Catalus it does not lie in human nature for a person... after holding position of authority for a long period to be willing to abide by ancestral customs
        chapter 5 pg.8
      - Plutarch Lucullus was being robbed of the glory which he had earned by his achievements adn was being replaced by someone who would merely reap the honour of triumph rather than undertake the difficulties of war
        chapter 5 pg.10
    - - Lucullus; still angry at his replacement by Pompey; oppsed his peace settlement in the east
      - Metellus Celer; alienated by Pompey when he divorced Metellus' half-sister; his then wife had been proven to be disloyal to Pompey while he was away, but Metellus used his Consulship in 60 to veto Pompey's political interrests
      - Cato; leading spokjesman of the Optimates; Pompey proposed that eha dn his son marry Cato's nieces but he refused because he was suspicious; wiuth this marriage Pompey would have been more accepted by the Optimates and become a 'moderator' between the different parts of the Republic to give stability to the Constitution
  - - - Pompey was given a triumph for his role in deafeating Spartacus' army; Crassus had defeated 'mere slaves' and was only awarded an Ovation
        
        Cras was bitter but co-operated with Pom to further his political career
      - ran for Consul together instead of against each other in 70
        
        next logical step to Crassus' career; Pompey had never held a magistracy, was not a Senator, and was too young
        
        both waited outside Rome with armies claiming to be waiting for tyheir triumph and ovation; threat of force against the Senate to let Pompey run for Consul
        
        Senate passed a decree exempting Pompey from the requirements to hold that office
        
        elected in absentia (illegal)
        
        after passing their main legislation there was little co-operation between them; suspicions and jealousy
        
        Crassus was wealthier and kept himself prominent in the public eye with personal prestige
      - Pompey in the east fighting Mistridates; Crassus used this time as an opportunity to strengthen his position and became closer to Caesar, provided funds to help him
        
        Adcock Crassus' fortunes had reached a scale on which what was a speculation of great magnitude to lay within his means
        chapter 5 pg.11
        
        Cicero wazs left to limit the growing influence of Crassus on Pompey's behalf
      - Cras wanted to drive a wedge between Pompey and Cicero
  - - - prosecution of Verres 70
        
        Cicero in his speech against Verres, on the day of the election of his allies as consuls Curio caught sight of Verres in the crowd and shouted congratulations to him...'I hearby proclaim', he declared, 'that today's election means your acquittal!'
        chapter 5 pg.1
        
        attacked the dangers of court corruption rather than the Senators themselves
        
        Cicero in these courts, with their present membership, even the worst criminal will never be convicted provided he has money
        chapter 5 pg.2
        
        Cicero here is a man whose life and actions the world has already condemned - yet whose enormous fortune, according to his own loudly expressed hopes, has already brought him acquittal
        chapter 5 pg.2
        
        Cicero there would be no "opportunity of rescuing our entire order from its present unpopularity, disgrace, ill fame and scandal"
        chapter 5 pg.3
      - Grant He genuinely disliked dishonest administrators and felt they should be brought to justice
        chapter 5 pg.1
    - - Cicero actively tried to defend Pompey's interests
        
        during his consulship, Cicero's actions drove Pompey away
        
        the Optimates' position had been strengthened; Caesar and Crassus continued to win over Pompey's power base; when Pompey returned he was unable to get support for his eastern settlement
        
        the approval of Catiline's reform porogramme in 63 helped the Optimates regain their popularity
        
        Cicero was blamed for Pompey's difficulties on arriving back to Rome
        
        Stockton Cicero was publicly a Pompeian... He ought to have seen to Pompey's interests in the great man's absence
        chapter 6 pg.9
        
        Cicero's success against Cataline had undermined Pompey's position in Rome; Pompey's jealousy increased his anger towards Cicero
        
        Syme A civilian Consul, suppressing the revolution of Catalina, robbed the indispensable general of the glory of saving the Republic in Italy as he had vindicated its empire abroad. Pompeius never forgave Cicero
        chapoter 6 pg.10
        
        Cicero seemed to be unaware that his actions had upset Pompey
        
        Cicero writing to Pompey in 62 represented himself as "an old adherent whose constant faith in Pompey's ability to bring a lasting peace had been vindicated in the eyes of Rome"
        chapter 6 pg.10
        
        expressed a clear deisre to work with Pompey but Pompey's response to his letter showed no acknowledgement of Cicero's successes in 63
        
        Cicero in reply in Pompey's response I did expect, both on the score of our intimacy and of their importance to the Republic, some word of congratulation from you in your letterr, and i can only suppose that you omitted it for fear of offending anyone's feelings... when you return home you will recognise that my achievements were made with so great a degree of wisdom and courage that you... will find no difficulty in allowing me... to associate closely with you both in politics and in private life
        chapter 6 pg.10
      - Crassus wanted to drive a wedge between Pompey and Cicero; Cicero fell for Crassus' plan
        
        praised Cicero as the man who saved Rome as Consul in Pompey's absence
        
        Cicero in a letter to Atticus February 13, 61 I was sitting next to Pompey and observed that the man was much moved, either at seeing Crassus snapping up the popularity whihc he had thrown away, or because he at last realised tyhe greatness of my achievemenets... This day has brought Crassus and me very close together, though i still accepted gratefully whatever tit-bits were offered me by the other side either directly or indirectly.
        chapter 7 pg.1
      - during the first Triumvirate, Cicero wished for Pompey to leave the coatlition but made no attempts to reconcile with Pompey; Cicero realised he needed to work with Pompey to further his crareer
        
        Pompey looked to Cicero to help with his unpopularity; wanted Cicero to make public speeches on his behalf, show support for the lex Campania
        
        Cicero refused to do either; Pompey saw this as spiteful considering how Cicero had used him earlier on in his career
        
        Cicero asked Pompey for help in being exiled by Clodius but Pompey did not help as he did not support the Triumvirate
  - - - Sulla, Paetus and Piso were the accused
      - Catiline was accused of extortion in 65 and Cicero wanted to defend to him; Cicero would not link himself to someone accused of plotting to murder Consuls
        
        Cicero was going to run a joint campaign with Catiline for Consul until he became direct competion; Cicero used the rumours of Catiline's involvement to ruin his reputation
        
        Cicero in reference to the first plot you planned to carry out a massacre of the Optimates
        chapter 6 pg.1
        
        Cicero spread that Catiline was acquitted due to Crassus bribing the court
      - Plutarch Catiline was no more dangerous than many others who had tried to rally discontented elements in society against the oligarchy
        chapter 6 pg.4
    - - plotting to overthrow the Consul's after failing to be elected again for 62
      - attempts to murder Cicero November 7
        
        Cicero tries to suspend the normal workings of the constitution and give him emergency powers to deal with the situation
        
        Catiline attests his innocence; challenges Cicero to put the decision up for a vote
        
        Catiline says his word should not be questioned by a "mere naturalised immigrant"
        chapter 6 pg.6
        
        Stockton Cicero was "Roman only by Rome's granting, and at that for barely a hundred years"
        chapter 6 pg.6
        
        Stockton It was a wicked, wounding phrase, and twisted in the wound by cicero's knowledge that even those nobles who were on his side would savour and repeat it
        chapter 6 pg.6
        
        support for Catiline declines and the Senate is behind Cicero
        
        Senate wanted to execute the conspirators; Caesar defends them wihtout criticising Cicero
        
        Caear (according to Sallust) If by our present example a Consul unsheathes his sword by the Senate's decree, who will lay down a limit for the future Consul, who will hol dhim in check?
        chapter 6 pg.7
  - - - Other Consul was Cato's son so he could back up the Optimates' hostility towards thet hree men
      - realised teh threat of force was the only way to get their bills passed
        
        passed Pompey's land bill
        
        as Consul Caesar granted himself imperium for fivr years; would be immune to any prosecution for his 'illegal' acts in passing his legislation
      - resentment towards the Triumvirate and their power over Rome
        
        Vettius conspiracy; plans for Pompey to be murdered
        
        Pompey losing his popularity before the triumvirate formed
        
        Shotter in reference to the Bona Dea scandal Pompey...had to be very careful who he offended at this stage
        chapter 8 pg.1
    - - Caesar asked for Cicero's support in passing Pompey's land bill but Cicero showed no interest
        
        Grenhalgh he showed himself totally unaware that he was being sounded out as a possible partner in a joint venture that was intended to monopolise Roman politics for at least the next year
        chapter 7 pg.7
    - - secured the election of L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Gabinius for consulship 58
      - offered Cicero the chance to join the Triumvirate again by serving on Caesar's staff in Gaul; Cicero declined
      - 59 Caesar sponsored a ceremony whereby P. Clodius Pulcher, a patrician, changed his legal status to plebeian
        
        Clodius was elected as a tribune 58; could veto unfriendly laws
        
        Cato and the Optimates were held in check
        
        Clodius hated Cicero for his role in the Bona Dea trial
        
        Cicero prosecuted Clodius
        
        Clodius's aims as Tribune
        
        get revenge on Pompey, Cicero and Cato for the Bona Dea trial
        
        exiled Cicero
        
        agredd to support the Triumvirate and was allowed back to Rome
        
        gave Cato an illegal post as Quaestor in Egypt; embarrassed Cato; removed Cato from Rome
        
        Shotter he wished to repeat the ec=xercise of the Gracchi and use the office of Tribune as a power base to acquire the support of the urban plebs as a means of domination
        chapter 8 pg.2
        
        Shotter whilst it is true that each of the triumvirate at various times hoped to use Clodius for his own ends, the fact remains that the Tribune's programme was of his own construction to suit his own ambitions for dominance
        chapter 8 pg.2
- - - - slaves were treated poorly leading to unrest and revolts
      - those witout land and unable to compete were forced to the cities putting pressure on the government for the provision of food and jobs
  - - - S aligned with the Optimates
  - - - without citizenship the Italians were unable to defend their interests and secure accountability for Rome's officials that ruled them
        
        Greenhalgh citizenship would "protect them in their own communites from the high handed behaviour of itinerant Roman magistrates and ensure thema fair share of the spoils of war
        chapter 3 pg.3
        
        unable to influence policy
      - Cicero about the Sicilians while Verres was govenor the Sicilians enjoyed the benefit neither of their own laws, nor the Roman Senate's decrees, nor even of the rights to which everyone in the world is entitled
        chapter 5 pg.3
    - - the senatorial class had the fear that extedning citizenship would increase the number of voters outside the system of patronage
      - Cicero speaking against the provincials/Gauls to get charges against Fonteius acquitted
        
        Cicero If we will just look at the individuals concerned - and that surely ought to count most in weighing up a witness - can any Gaul however respectable be compared, I will not say with the leading men of our own country, but even with the humblest citizen of Rome?
        chapter 5 pg.4
        
        Cicero Does Indutio Marcus really know what it is to give evidence? When he stands before this court, does that same awe which touches each of us touch him?
        chapter 5 pg.4
    - - powerful Italian tribes ended their alliance with rome and created a rival capital in the Apennines
    - - Italians granted full citizenship north of the River Po
  - - - Pompey sent to defeat; realiseed he needed help and wrote to the Senate to demand more legions and money
  - - - humiliation for Rome
      - the best Roman legions were in foreign wars
      - Rome seemed to be in danger, no one wanted to take a command against slaves
    - - worried at first and demanded that Pompeya dn Lucullus return to assist him; Crassus got the upper hand but the Senate still recalled Popmpey and Lucullus
        
        Crassus needed a quick victory otherwise he would have to share the prestige of a victory
        
        Pompey arrived in 71 and was given official association with Crassus' command
        
        prevented 5000 fugitives from Spartacus' army from escaping to the north
        
        Pompey tot he Senate while Crassus had certainly defeated the gladiators in a pitched battle, he himself had finished the war off utterly and entirely
        chapter 4 pg.7
  - - - demands for Pompey to replace him in command
- - - - Plutarch he decided that instead of going there as an empty handed fugitive asking for help, he would join Sulla with an army of his own, would do Sulla some service and in doing so would win honour for himself
        chapter 4 pg.1
      - won victories in the north before joining Sulla
        
        When Sulla saw him approaching with sucha a fine army of young strong men, all happy and elated with their success, he dismounted from his horse...he greeted Pompey in return by calling him 'Imperator' too
        chapter 4 pg.1
  - - - Plutarch Where Sulla massacred and Crassus crucified, Pompey pardoned
        chapter 5 pg.6
- - - - convinced many he was trying to become a permanent popular leader and lead to violence on election day resulting in T's murder; his supporters were tried and executed the following year in 132
  - - - Gaius was not re-elected in 121
        
        gathered supporters to confront Opimius, one of O's servants was killed, this was used to justify using the Senatus Consultum Ultimum and Gaius was killed with his supporters
- - - - Plutarch the Sicilians were impressed "When they had experience of his careful management of affairs, his justice and his kindly nature, they honoured him more than any govenor they had ever had"
        chapter4 pg.3
      - now a member of the Senate and worked to build his clientela
        
        faced difficulties
        
        Plutarch throughout his life he was always too far fond of praise and too concerned about what people thought of him
        chapter 4 pg.3
        
        he lacked the personal fortrune to further his political career
        
        Plutarch His fortune was sufficient for his expenses, but was still small so that people were surprised and admired him when he took no fees or gifts for his work as an advocate
        chapter 4 pg.3
      - Praetor 66
        
        Consul 63; first novus homo to win at the earliest date allowed by law
- - - - payed for 6 legions to face Spartacus
      - Pompey returned to Rome and was given official association with the command so Crassus did not receive full credit
- - - - took own steps to show his ability and gain support
        
        married Julia from the Patrician family, Caesar
        
        provided him with status and political contacts
    - - stood for tribunate 119 under the patronage of the Metelli family who funded his campaign
        
        showed indeoendence of his backers but reassured the Optimates when opposing a law on corn distribution that would benefit the mob
        
        became a Praetor and then Propraetor in Further Spain 115
        
        taken as a legate by Q. Caecilius Metellus in 109 to command against Jugurtha
        
        asked Metellus to return to rome for consular elections but was turned down
        
        started working against Metellus to discredit him in Rome
        
        gained the support of his soldiers, Army financers and traders, and Gauda - a pretender to Jugurtha's throne -
        
        these groups communicated with Rome to convince that if Marius was in overall command there would be a victory
        
        1 more item...
    - - based his support on the mob, military success, tribunate, and army veterans
  - - - success in making an agreement with the Parthian kingdom
    - - Greenhalgh "a dedicated oligarch, endeavouring to turn the clock back a hundred years to a more stable era" but "his motives were conservative to the point of naivety"
        chapter 3 pg.7
      - resigned his dictatorship and gave power back to the government in 79
        
        Appian he was weary of war; weary of power; weary of Rome chapter 3 pg.7
- - - - Plutarch In Rome Caesar won abrilliant reputation adn great popularity by his eloquence in these trials. He had an ability to make himself liked which was remarkable in one of his age, and he was very much in the good graces of the ordinary citizens because of his easy manners and friendly way in which he mixed with people
        chapter 5 pg.5
      - supported the popular measures put forward to undo Sulla's reforms
    - - Aunt Julia died; at her funeral Caesar used the opportunity to highlight his links with Marius
        
        made the Optimates weary of him
  - - - wrote to the Senate for permission to stand for the election in absentia; the request was dneied as it was unconstitutional; the Optimates denied as Caesar appeareed to be too ambitious
        
        gave up his triumph to take part in elections; Optimates used the Senate's power of allocating provinces to ensure that is Caesar was elected he would be the administrator of the forests and cattle tracks; no glory or prestige to be gained from this