Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
CH. 3 - Parts of a cell & cell metabolism - Coggle Diagram
CH. 3 - Parts of a cell & cell metabolism
Basic structure of a cell
Complex membrane-bound units
replicate and form new cells/organisms
Fundamental units of life
Cell Components Review
Plasma membrane = protective barrier separates life from nonlife; extracellular message transduction; transport of material into/out cell, maintaineance and transmission of membrante potentials, cell-to-cell recognition, interaction
Cytoskeleton = made up of actin, microtublules, & intermediate filaments; proteins regulate cell shape, movement, and the trafficking of intracellular moles
Nucleus = contains genomic DNA; nuclear genes code for the synthesis of proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = function together to synthesize proteins and lipids for transport to lysosomes or to the plasma membrane; protein/lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism and detoxification
Golgi apparatus = protein and lipid modification and sorting, transport of proteins and lipids to appropriate destination
Lysosomes & peroxiosomes = memebrane-bound bags of digestive enzymes that degrade intracellular debris
Mitochondria = contain enzymes necessary for oxidative phosphorylation to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Mitochondria have their own small number of genes that code for some of the mitochodrial proteins
Cellular Metabolism
= biochemical process whereby foodstuffs are used to provide cellular energy and biomolecules
Chemical recactions that turn proteins, carbs and fats into energy we need
Citric acid cycle in the mitochodrial matrix = oxidizes the acetyl groups supplied by acetyl CoA to form large quantities of hydrogen ions (H-) which are carried to the respiratory chain by NADH & FADH2
Respiratory chain enzymes = capture energy from electron transfer and use it to produce an H+ proton graident
Molecular oxygen is required at this stage (aerobic) to accept the electrons from the last enzyme in the transport chain
ATP = energy to have cells metabolize
Not stored, must be constantly synthesized to meet cell's energy needs
ATP is produced by ATP synthase, protein in mitochodrial memembrane
ATP synthase produces ATP by capturing energy of the proton gradient and using it to form a bodn between ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)
30 ATP molecules/glucose molecule
Anabolism & Catabolism =energy-releasing metabolic process
Anabolism = results in synthesis of complex molecules
builds
Catabolism = breakdown of nutrient sources
Glycolysis = anaerobic process that produces 2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 pyruvate molecules per glucose molecule
No oxygen required (Pro)
Not super efficient (Con)
Pyruvate can be converted to lactate when oxygen supply is insufficient for oxidative processes (Con)
Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs
In the mitochodrial matrix = oxidizes the acetyl groups supplied by acetyl CoA to form large quantities of hydrogen ions (H-) which are carried to the respiratory chain by NADH & FADH2
After two rounds the 2 pyruvates yield:
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH
6 Carbon Dioxide (waste)
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
Exocytosis = cellular secretion
Endocytosis = cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules
Pinocytosis = "cellular drinking"; ingesting fluids and small particles
Phagocytosis = "cell eating"; ingestion of large particles
Active Transport Pump = process whereby protein transport pumps move solutes across the membrane against an electrochemical or concentration gradient
Passive Transport Pump = the movement of solutes across a membrane down a concentration gradient, from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
Primary active transport requires metabolic energy = supplied by ATP hydrolysis
Sodium-Potassium ion pump = maintain low sodium & high potassium concentrations in the cell
3 Na ions out of the cell for every 2 K ions into the cell;
Na+-K+ pump is important in maintain cell volume; controls solute concentration inside cell & affects the osmotic forces across the membrane
Passive Transport
Are not linked to the Na+ gradient & move substances across the membrane passively
Glucose transporters in many cell types belong to this class of transporters
Carriers may be passive or use the Na+ gradient for secondary active transport
Neurotransmitter re-uptake carries & those that transport glucose & amino acids across the gut and renal tubules are Na+ drive carriers
Passive carriers include those that allow glucose entry into insulin-sensitive cells
Cellular Communication
Intercellular communication
Direct cell-to-cell surface contact
Ligands AKA Secretion of chemical mediators
Most water-soluble molecules interact with 3 receptors types on the cell surface
Ion channel linked
Enzyme linked
G-protein coupled
Gap junctions = directly connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells
Cellular Proliferation-Mitosis
How do cells reproduce or split?
Metaphase
Chromosomes align halfway between spindle poles
Each is attached by its centromemere to a microtublule that is also linked to the spindle pole
Anaphase
Centromeres divde and microtubule attached to each chromatid pulls it towards the pole
At the same time, the polar tubules elongate and the poles move farther apart
Prometaphase
Nuclear membrane disintegrates
Centrioles separate and polarize while spindle formation begins
Chromosomes respond with agitated movement
Telophase
Separated daughter chromatids arrive at the poles, and the microtubules disappear
Polar tubules continue to elongate, and the cell cleavage furrow appears
A nucleus re-forms at each pole
Prophase
Chromatin slowly condenses into well-defined chromosomes that consist of two sister chromatids and a centromere. the mitotic spindle, a bipolar structure composed of microtubules and associated proteins begin to form
Cytokinesis
Cleavage completes the process, which results in two separate daughter cells