Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Bowbly, Rutter, Schaffer and Emerson, Ainsworth - Coggle Diagram
Bowbly
-
A child should receive the continuous care of this single most important attachment figure for approximately the first two years of life.
mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months
-
Robertson and Bowlby (1952) believe that short-term separation from an attachment figure leads to distress
Protest: The child cries, screams and protests angrily when the parent leaves. They will try to cling on to the parent to stop them leaving.
Despair: The child’s protesting begins to stop, and they appear to be calmer although still upset. The child refuses others’ attempts for comfort and often seems withdrawn and uninterested in anything.
Detachment: If separation continues the child will start to engage with other people again. They will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger.
-
-
Bowlby hypothesised that both infants and mothers have evolved a biological need to stay in contact with each other.
-
Rutter
-
-
This suggested that they were suffering from privation, rather than deprivation, which Rutter suggested was far more deleterious to the children
Rutter (1998) studied Romanian orphans who had been placed in orphanages, aged 1-2 weeks old, with minimal adult contact
This was a Longitudinal study and natural experiment, using a group of around 100 Romanian orphans and assessed at ages 4, 6 and 11, then re-assesed 21 years later.
In particular Rutter distinguished between privation and deprivation. ... Rutter argues that these problems are not due solely to the lack of attachment to a mother figure, as Bowlby claimed, but to factors such as the lack of intellectual stimulation and social experiences which attachments normally provide.
Schaffer and Emerson
-
-
Indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks – 6 months)
Preference for human company. Ability to distinguish between people but comforted indiscriminately.
Specific (7 months +)
Infants show a preference for one caregiver, displaying separation and stranger anxiety. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection.
Multiple (10/11 months +)
Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people eg. siblings, grandparents
Ainsworth
secure
adult attachment style that is characterised by a positive view of the self, others, and relationships. An adult attachment style is the way in which adults in a romantic relationship relate to each other
insecure avoidant
Insecure avoidant children do not orientate to their attachment figure while investigating the environment. ... They do not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed.
-
-
-
-