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Adolescence - Coggle Diagram
Adolescence
Cognitive development
Egocentrism
Young people center on themselves
Grapple with conflicting feelings about their parents and friends, examine details of physical changes, think deeply about their future
Interprets everyone else's behavior as if it were a judgement on them
Adolescent egocentrism
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
Imaginary audience
The other people who, in adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behaviors
Causes people to be very self-conscious
Personal fable
An aspect characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful, or more awful than anyone else's
Invincibility fable
A conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal
Formal operational thought
Characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
Hypothetical thought
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps to figure out specifics
Top-down reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion
Boltom-up reasoning
Dual processing
The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional processing of stimuli and one for analytical reasoning
Intuitive thought
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation and is influences by past experiences and cultural assumptions
Analytic thought
Thought that results from analysis
Systematic ranking pros adn cons, ricks and consequences, possibilities and facts
Psychosocial development
Identity
Identity vs role confusion
The person tires to figure out who they are but is confused as to which of the many possible roles to adopt
Identity achievement
The attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual in accord to past experiences and future plans
Role confusion
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is
Identity or role diffusion
Foreclosure
Premature identity formation which occurs when an adolescent adopts his or her parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis
Moratorium
An adolescent's choice of socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions
Arenas of identity formation
Religious
Determining religious faith
Influenced by parents
Political
Tend to be more liberal than their parents for social issues, have a lack of party affiliation, and are not interested in politics
Influenced by parents
Vocational
Envisioning oneself as a worker in a particular occupation
Sexual
Gender
A person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
Biosocial development
Puberty
The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
Lasts 3 to 5 years
Most biological growth and maturation ends about 4 years after the first signs appear
Boys have added height, weight, and muscle until age 20
Normally starts between age 8 and 14
Rapid physical growth and sexual maturation occurs
Hormones that produce external growth and internal changes
Heightened emotions
Sexual desires
Girl's changes begin with nipple growth, public hair being visible, peak growth spurt, widening hips, first menstrual period, public hair pattern, and breast maturation
Menarche
Girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation
Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche
Average age is 12 years and 4 months
10 to 15 considered neither precocious nor delayed
Boy's changes begin with growth of testes, initial pubic hair growth, growth of penis, first ejaculation of seminal fluid, appearance of facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of the voice, and final public hair growth
Spermarche
Boy's first ejaculation of sperm
Erections can occur as early as infancy,but ejaculation signals sperm production
May occur during sleep or direct stimulation
Typical age is 13
Hormones are body chemicals that regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction, and other bodily functions and processes
Pituitary
A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones
Hormones that regulate growth and sexual maturation
Adrenal glands
Two glands above the kidney that respond to the pituitary, producing hormones
HPA (hypothalamus pituitary adrenal) axis
A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then the adrenal glands
Gonads
The paired sex gland
Produce hormones and mature
Ovaries in females
Testicles in males
HPG (hypothalamus pituitary gonad) axis
A sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus, moving to the pituitary, then the gonads
Estradiol
A sex hormone, considered the chief of estrogen
Females produce more than males
Testosterone
A sex hormone, best known as androgens (male hormones)
Secreted in far greater amounts by males than females
Body rhythms
The brain of every creature responds to environmental changes over the hours, days, and seasons because of hormones
Seasonal affective disorder
Children gain weight rapidly in the winter
Children grow taller in the summer
People become depressed in winter
Circadian rhythm
A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours
Daylight awakens the brain
At puberty, night may be more energizing, teens might be wide awake and hungry at midnight but half asleep with no appetite or energy in the morning
Males are naturally more alert in the evening than the morning because of eveningness
Puberty and eveningness increase risk of drugs, sex, and delinquency because teens are awake when adults are asleep
If teens must wake up early in the morning, many are sleep deprived
Sleep deprivation and irregular sleep schedules increase several proven dangers such as insomnia, nightmares, mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety), and falling asleep while driving
Brain development
The prefrontal lobe matures steadily, advancing gradually year by year
The limbic system is affected by hormones and grows dramatically in early adolescence
Powerful sensations like loud music, speeding cars, and strong drugs are compelling because of the limbic system
Pubertal hormones target the amygdala
The instinctual and emotional areas of the brain develop ahead of the reflexive and analytic areas
Emotional rushes are unchecked by caution, immediate impulses thwart long term planning and reflection